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Volume 12
Issue 2
10.3390/toxins12020123
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Article

Rapid, Sensitive, and Accurate Point-of-Care Detection of Lethal Amatoxins in Urine

by
Candace S. Bever
1,
Kenneth D. Swanson
2,
Elizabeth I. Hamelin
2,
Michael Filigenzi
3,
Robert H. Poppenga
3,
Jennifer Kaae
4,
Luisa W. Cheng
1,* and
Larry H. Stanker
1
1
Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA
2
Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
3
California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, 620 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
4
Pet Emergency and Specialty Center of Marin, 901 E. Francisco Blvd, San Rafael, CA 94901, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Toxins 2020, 12(2), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12020123
Submission received: 30 January 2020 / Revised: 8 February 2020 / Accepted: 12 February 2020 / Published: 15 February 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improved Analytical Technologies for the Detection of Natural Toxins and Their Metabolites in Food)
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Abstract

Globally, mushroom poisonings cause about 100 human deaths each year, with thousands of people requiring medical assistance. Dogs are also susceptible to mushroom poisonings and require medical assistance. Cyclopeptides, and more specifically amanitins (or amatoxins, here), are the mushroom poison that causes the majority of these deaths. Current methods (predominantly chromatographic, as well as antibody-based) of detecting amatoxins are time-consuming and require expensive equipment. In this work, we demonstrate the utility of the lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) for the rapid detection of amatoxins in urine samples. The LFIA detects as little as 10 ng/mL of α-amanitin (α-AMA) or γ-AMA, and 100 ng/mL of β-AMA in urine matrices. To demonstrate application of this LFIA for urine analysis, this study examined fortified human urine samples and urine collected from exposed dogs. Urine is sampled directly without the need for any pretreatment, detection from urine is completed in 10 min, and the results are read by eye, without the need for specialized equipment. Analysis of both fortified human urine samples and urine samples collected from intoxicated dogs using the LFIA correlated well with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods.
Keywords: lateral flow immunoassay; amatoxins; amanitins; point-of-care; mushroom poisoning lateral flow immunoassay; amatoxins; amanitins; point-of-care; mushroom poisoning
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MDPI and ACS Style

Bever, C.S.; Swanson, K.D.; Hamelin, E.I.; Filigenzi, M.; Poppenga, R.H.; Kaae, J.; Cheng, L.W.; Stanker, L.H. Rapid, Sensitive, and Accurate Point-of-Care Detection of Lethal Amatoxins in Urine. Toxins 2020, 12, 123. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12020123

AMA Style

Bever CS, Swanson KD, Hamelin EI, Filigenzi M, Poppenga RH, Kaae J, Cheng LW, Stanker LH. Rapid, Sensitive, and Accurate Point-of-Care Detection of Lethal Amatoxins in Urine. Toxins. 2020; 12(2):123. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12020123

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bever, Candace S., Kenneth D. Swanson, Elizabeth I. Hamelin, Michael Filigenzi, Robert H. Poppenga, Jennifer Kaae, Luisa W. Cheng, and Larry H. Stanker. 2020. "Rapid, Sensitive, and Accurate Point-of-Care Detection of Lethal Amatoxins in Urine" Toxins 12, no. 2: 123. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12020123

APA Style

Bever, C. S., Swanson, K. D., Hamelin, E. I., Filigenzi, M., Poppenga, R. H., Kaae, J., Cheng, L. W., & Stanker, L. H. (2020). Rapid, Sensitive, and Accurate Point-of-Care Detection of Lethal Amatoxins in Urine. Toxins, 12(2), 123. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12020123

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