Associations of Vitamin D with Inter- and Intra-Muscular Adipose Tissue and Insulin Resistance in Women with and without Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Study Design and Participants
2.2. Exercise Intervention Subgroup
2.3. Anthropometrics and Body Composition
2.4. Cardiometabolic Outcomes
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Cross-Sectional Study of Lean and Overweight Women with and without PCOS
3.2. Exercise Intervention in Overweight Women with and without PCOS
4. Discussion
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Non-PCOS | PCOS | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Normal Vitamin D * (N = 12) | Low Vitamin D (N = 18) | Normal Vitamin D (N = 11) | Low Vitamin D (N = 29) | |
Age (y) | 29.6 ± 6.8 | 30.6 ± 6.5 | 28.5 ± 5.8 | 28.4 ± 5.0 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.5 ± 6.4 | 28.8 ± 8.8 | 23.4 ± 3.0 d | 31.5 ± 8.3 c |
Total fat mass (kg) | 26.5 ± 14.8 | 32.0 ± 19.6 | 19.0 ± 7.5 c | 37.8 ± 14.1 d |
Visceral fat area (cm2) | 123.8 ± 23.5 | 132.2 ± 27.9 | 143.1 ± 23.5 | 125.1 ± 54.2 |
Thigh IMAT area (cm2) | 3.2 ± 1.6 | 4.0 ± 2.3 | 2.8 ± 1.6 | 4.4 ± 1.6 |
Thigh muscle density (HU) | 50.1 ± 4.8 | 50.6 ± 3.5 | 53.5 ± 2.2 d | 50.2 ± 2.4 c |
25OHD (nmol/L) | 69.7 ± 18.9 b,d | 32.1 ± 12.4 a,c | 63.4 ± 9.1 b,d | 32.1 ± 9.5 a,c |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.8 ± 0.7 | 4.5 ± 0.7 | 5.2 ± 0.6 | 4.8 ± 1.0 |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.4 c | 1.9 ± 0.4 b,d | 1.2 + 0.3 c |
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.9 ± 0.5 | 2.7 ± 0.7 | 3.0 ± 0.4 | 3.1 ± 0.8 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 0.9 ± 0.6 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.8 |
GIR (mg/m2/min) | 314.6 ± 46.5 d | 296.0 ± 97.8 d | 296.2 ± 78.2 d | 197.2 ± 87.8 a,b,c |
Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 4.7 ± 0.3 | 4.6 ± 0.3 | 4.5 ± 0.3 | 4.8 ± 0.5 |
Log Insulin | 1.6 ± 0.4 | 1.7 ± 0.3 | 1.5 ± 0.3 d | 1.9 ± 0.4 c |
HbA1c (%) | 5.1 ± 0.2 | 5.2 ± 0.4 | 5.0 ± 0.2 | 5.3 + 0.4 |
VO2 peak (mL/kg/min) | 36.4 ± 8.3 d | 32.5 ± 10.10 a,c | 37.2 ± 7.8 d | 28.2 ± 7.2 a,c |
Variable | No PCOS N = 30 | PCOS N = 40 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Thigh Muscle Density | Thigh IMAT | Thigh Muscle Density | Thigh IMAT | |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | −0.05 (−0.12, 0.02) | −0.01 (−0.15, 0.13) | 0.05 (−0.06, 0.16) | −0.02 (−0.19, 0.15) |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 0.01 (−0.04, 0.04) | −0.08 (−0.15, −0.02) | 0.07 (0.02, 0.12) | −0.11 (−0.19, −0.03) |
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | −0.06 (−0.12, −0.01) | 0.04 (−0.08, 0.16) | 0.03 (−0.07, 0.12) | 0.01 (−0.14, 0.14) |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 0.03 (−0.03, 0.08) | 0.07 (−0.03, 0.17) | −0.09 (−0.18, −0.01) | 0.20 (0.08, 0.33) |
GIR (mg/m2/min) | 5.64 (−2.60, 13.88) | −12.83 (−28.62, 2.95) | 10.38 (−0.38, 21.13) | −21.30 (−37.16, −5.44) |
Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.01) | 0.03 (−0.02, 0.09) | −0.05 (−0.10, 0.01) | 0.06 (−0.03, 0.14) |
Log insulin | −0.04 (−0.06, −0.01) | 0.05 (−0.01, 0.10) | −0.07 (−0.12, −0.02) | 0.11 (0.03, 0.18) |
HbA1C (%) | −0.06 (−0.08, −0.03) | 0.05 (−0.01, 0.11) | −0.02 (−0.06, 0.02) | 0.03 (−0.04, 0.09) |
25OHD (nmol/L) | −0.65 (−3.13, 1.83) | −5.67 (−9.94, −1.40) | 2.94 (1.12, 4.76) | −3.95 (−6.86, −1.05) |
Variable | 25OHD <30 nmol/L * (N = 7) | 25OHD ≥30 nmol/L (N = 9) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-Training | Post-Training | p-Value | Pre-Training | Post-Training | p-Value | |
Total fat mass (kg) | 49.7 ± 12.3 | 47.4 ± 10.9 | 0.15 | 46.1 ± 10.3 | 44.3 ± 10.7 | 0.02 |
Visceral fat area (cm2) | 136.2 ± 51.2 | 124.9 ± 44.2 | 0.25 | 118.1 ± 57.7 | 111.8 ± 59.4 | 0.04 |
Thigh IMAT (cm2) | 4.0 ± 1.2 | 3.4 ± 1.4 | 0.16 | 4.8 ± 1.8 | 4.7 ± 1.9 | 0.75 |
Thigh muscle density (HU) | 50.4 ± 1.7 | 50.3 ± 2.0 | 0.82 | 48.6 ± 3.6 | 48.4 ± 2.9 | 0.68 |
GIR (mg/m2/min) | 183.7 ± 109.4 | 239.3 ± 137.7 | 0.07 | 206.0 ± 99.9 | 238.9 ± 93.5 | 0.04 |
Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 5.0 ± 0.5 | 4.8 ± 0.4 | 0.13 | 4.8 ± 0.3 | 4.8 ± 0.2 | 0.36 |
Log Insulin | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 0.96 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 0.13 |
HbA1C (%) | 5.5 ± 0.4 | 5.6 ± 0.3 | 0.41 | 5.4 ± 0.3 | 5.5 ± 0.3 | 0.33 |
VO2 peak (mL/kg/min) | 22.7 ± 3.4 | 27.5 ± 4.8 | < 0.01 | 28.5 ± 8.1 | 37.2 ± 6.1 | < 0.01 |
25OHD (nmol/L) | 25.6 ± 6.4 | 26.8 ± 11.2 | 0.77 | 38.4 ± 11.9 | 44.9 ± 15.4 | 0.22 |
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Scott, D.; Joham, A.; Teede, H.; Gibson-Helm, M.; Harrison, C.; Cassar, S.; Hutchison, S.; Ebeling, P.R.; Stepto, N.; De Courten, B. Associations of Vitamin D with Inter- and Intra-Muscular Adipose Tissue and Insulin Resistance in Women with and without Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Nutrients 2016, 8, 774. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8120774
Scott D, Joham A, Teede H, Gibson-Helm M, Harrison C, Cassar S, Hutchison S, Ebeling PR, Stepto N, De Courten B. Associations of Vitamin D with Inter- and Intra-Muscular Adipose Tissue and Insulin Resistance in Women with and without Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Nutrients. 2016; 8(12):774. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8120774
Chicago/Turabian StyleScott, David, Anju Joham, Helena Teede, Melanie Gibson-Helm, Cheryce Harrison, Samantha Cassar, Samantha Hutchison, Peter R. Ebeling, Nigel Stepto, and Barbora De Courten. 2016. "Associations of Vitamin D with Inter- and Intra-Muscular Adipose Tissue and Insulin Resistance in Women with and without Polycystic Ovary Syndrome" Nutrients 8, no. 12: 774. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8120774
APA StyleScott, D., Joham, A., Teede, H., Gibson-Helm, M., Harrison, C., Cassar, S., Hutchison, S., Ebeling, P. R., Stepto, N., & De Courten, B. (2016). Associations of Vitamin D with Inter- and Intra-Muscular Adipose Tissue and Insulin Resistance in Women with and without Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Nutrients, 8(12), 774. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8120774