Intake of Seafood in the US Varies by Age, Income, and Education Level but Not by Race-Ethnicity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Survey Design and Data
2.1.1. Amount of Seafood Consumed
2.1.2. Seafood Consumers
2.1.3. Socio-Demographic Characteristics
2.2. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Adults Reporting Any Seafood, Fish, or Shellfish Consumption Over the Past 30 Days
3.2. Reported Intakes of Any Seafood, Fish and Shellfish, by Consumers
Category | n 2 | Any Seafood | Fish | Shellfish | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% ± SE | p value | % ± SE | p value | % ± SE | p value | ||
All adults | 15,407 | 83.5 ± 0.5 | 74.2 ± 0.6 | 54.2 ± 1.0 | |||
Sex | 0.075 | 0.28 | 0.027 | ||||
Men | 7517 | 84.2 ± 0.5 | 74.8 ± 0.7 | 55.4 ± 1.1 a | |||
Women | 7890 | 82.7 ± 0.8 | 73.6 ± 1.0 | 53.0 ± 1.1 b | |||
Age (years) | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | ||||
19–30 | 3592 | 75.2 ± 1.4 a | 60.5 ± 1.7a | 55.0 ± 1.3 a | |||
31–50 | 5340 | 83.6 ± 0.7 b | 72.9 ± 0.9b | 56.3 ± 1.2 a | |||
51–70 | 4742 | 87.5 ± 0.6 c | 81.2 ± 0.7c | 54.4 ± 1.6 a | |||
71+ | 1733 | 85.3 ± 1.2 bc | 81.0 ± 1.3c | 46.2 ± 1.7 b | |||
Income 3,4 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | ||||
>1.85 poverty threshold | 7869 | 85.9 ± 0.5 a | 76.8 ± 0.8a | 58.6 ± 1.1 a | |||
0–1.85 poverty threshold | 6365 | 80.8 ± 0.8 b | 71.8 ± 0.9b | 48.6 ± 1.3 b | |||
Education 4 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | ||||
Post-secondary | 7265 | 87.1 ± 0.5 a | 80.0 ± 0.6a | 59.5 ± 1.0 a | |||
High school or equivalent | 3703 | 81.5 ± 1.0 b | 70.8 ± 1.3b | 49.7 ± 1.5 b | |||
<High school | 4400 | 78.0 ± 1.1 c | 65.8 ± 1.3c | 49.1 ± 1.7 b | |||
Race-ethnicity 5 | 0.27 | 0.0002 | 0.0001 | ||||
Non-Hispanic white | 7105 | 82.9 ± 0.8 | 73.8 ± 0.9a | 52.6 ± 1.5 a | |||
Mexican American | 3011 | 83.3 ±1.1 | 70.2 ± 1.7a | 60.2 ± 1.4 b | |||
Non-Hispanic black | 3259 | 85.0 ± 1.0 | 78.4 ± 1.2b | 50.6 ± 1.5 a |
Category | n 2 | Seafood | Fish | Shellfish | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SE (g/week) | p value 3 | Mean ± SE (g/week) | p value | Mean ± SE (g/week) | p value | ||
All adults | 12,506 | 158.2 ± 5.6 | 128.8 ± 4.9 | 63.0 ± 4.9 | |||
Sex | |||||||
Men 4 | 6107 | 179.2 ± 9.1 | 142.1 ± 7.7 | 75.6 ± 7.0 | |||
Women | 6399 | 138.6 ± 5.6 | 0.0001 | 116.2 ± 5.6 | 0.01 | 50.4 ± 4.2 | 0.002 |
Age (years) | |||||||
19–30 4 | 2668 | 137.9 ± 9.1 | 121.8 ± 9.8 | 57.4 ± 7.0 | |||
31–50 | 4402 | 161.7 ± 8.4 | 0.05 | 126.0 ± 7.0 | 0.74 | 64.4 ± 7.7 | 0.50 |
51–70 | 4011 | 172.2 ± 10.5 | 0.01 | 140.7 ± 8.4 | 0.14 | 65.8 ± 7.7 | 0.40 |
71+ | 1425 | 144.2 ± 9.8 | 0.62 | 114.8 ± 8.4 | 0.59 | 60.2 ± 8.4 | 0.79 |
Income 5,6 | |||||||
>1.85 poverty threshold 4 | 6721 | 163.1 ± 7.0 | 130.2 ± 5.6 | 64.4 ± 4.9 | |||
0–1.85 poverty threshold | 4849 | 147.0 ± 7.0 | 0.10 | 124.6 ± 7.0 | 0.54 | 62.3 ± 7.0 | 0.82 |
Education 6 | |||||||
Post-secondary 4 | 6285 | 170.1 ± 7.0 | 137.9 ± 6.3 | 61.6 ± 5.6 | |||
High school or equivalent | 2931 | 144.2 ± 9.8 | 0.03 | 119.7 ± 10.5 | 0.14 | 61.6 ± 8.4 | 0.97 |
<High school | 3260 | 137.2 ± 9.8 | 0.005 | 108.5 ± 8.4 | 0.004 | 70.0 ± 9.1 | 0.40 |
Race-ethnicity 7 | |||||||
Non-Hispanic white 4 | 5833 | 151.2 ± 7.7 | 123.2 ± 5.6 | 60.2 ± 1.4 | |||
Mexican American | 2290 | 162.4 ± 11.9 | 0.41 | 134.4 ± 12.6 | 0.42 | 65.1 ± 4.2 | 0.23 |
Non-Hispanic black | 2716 | 167.3 ± 9.8 | 0.19 | 139.3 ± 9.1 | 0.13 | 60.9 ± 2.1 | 0.80 |
3.3. Proportion of Americans not Meeting Seafood Intake Recommendations
Sex | Age Group | Mean Intake ± SE | Sedentary | Active | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Recommended Amount | % Below | Recommended Amount | % Below | |||
oz/week | oz/week | % ± SE | oz/week | % ± SE | ||
Men | 19–30 | 5.5 ± 0.4 | 11 | 89 ± 2 | 11 | 89 ± 2 |
31–50 | 6.4 ± 0.4 | 10 | 81 ± 2 | 11 | 84 ± 2 | |
51–70 | 6.9 ± 0.4 | 10 | 78 ± 3 | 11 | 82 ± 2 | |
71+ | 5.8 ± 0.4 | 9 | 81 ± 3 | 11 | 87 ± 2 | |
Women | 19–30 | 4.3 ± 0.4 | 8 | 87 ± 3 | 10 | 92 ± 2 |
31–50 | 5.0 ± 0.3 | 8 | 82 ± 2 | 10 | 89 ± 2 | |
51–70 | 5.3 ± 0.4 | 8 | 80 ± 3 | 10 | 87 ± 2 | |
71+ | 4.4 ± 0.4 | 8 | 86 ± 2 | 9 | 89 ± 2 |
4. Discussion
4.1. Sex and Age
4.2. Income and Education
4.3. Race-Ethnicity
4.4. Potential Barriers to Seafood Consumption
4.5. Strengths
4.6. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Files
Supplementary File 1Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Share and Cite
Jahns, L.; Raatz, S.K.; Johnson, L.K.; Kranz, S.; Silverstein, J.T.; Picklo, M.J., Sr. Intake of Seafood in the US Varies by Age, Income, and Education Level but Not by Race-Ethnicity. Nutrients 2014, 6, 6060-6075. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6126060
Jahns L, Raatz SK, Johnson LK, Kranz S, Silverstein JT, Picklo MJ Sr. Intake of Seafood in the US Varies by Age, Income, and Education Level but Not by Race-Ethnicity. Nutrients. 2014; 6(12):6060-6075. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6126060
Chicago/Turabian StyleJahns, Lisa, Susan K. Raatz, LuAnn K. Johnson, Sibylle Kranz, Jeffrey T. Silverstein, and Matthew J. Picklo, Sr. 2014. "Intake of Seafood in the US Varies by Age, Income, and Education Level but Not by Race-Ethnicity" Nutrients 6, no. 12: 6060-6075. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6126060