The Umbilical Cord Creatine Flux and Time Course of Human Milk Creatine across Lactation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- To estimate the placental Cr flux at the end of pregnancy by measuring umbilical arterial and venous cord blood Cr concentrations immediately postpartum after caesarian section.
- To analyze whether the Cr concentration in breast milk is constant during a single breast meal (intraindividual variability).
- To analyze the time course of the association between HM Cr and HM Crn, fat, carbohydrates, and especially protein. It is unknown whether Cr is independently secreted into HM or whether it just parallels, e.g., HM protein or Crn concentration.
- To analyze human breast milk Cr concentration longitudinally, starting with colostrum throughout the first six months of breastfeeding, to study if colostrum has higher Cr levels, suggesting increased immediate postnatal needs.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Umbilical Cord Blood Samples
2.2. Collection of Breast Milk
2.3. Longitudinal Study on Breast Milk Creatine in Omnivore Mothers
2.4. Preparation and Analysis of Blood Samples
2.5. Preparation and Analysis of Human Milk Samples
2.6. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Umbilical Creatine Flux
3.2. Intra- and Interindividual Variability in Breast Milk Creatine and Creatinine
3.3. Longitudinal Study on Breast Milk Creatine in Omnivore Mothers
4. Discussion
4.1. Umbilical Creatine Flux
4.2. Intra- and Interindividual Breast Milk Creatine Variability
4.3. Longitudinal Study on Breast Milk Creatine
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Mihatsch, W.A.; Stahl, B.; Braun, U. The Umbilical Cord Creatine Flux and Time Course of Human Milk Creatine across Lactation. Nutrients 2024, 16, 345. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030345
Mihatsch WA, Stahl B, Braun U. The Umbilical Cord Creatine Flux and Time Course of Human Milk Creatine across Lactation. Nutrients. 2024; 16(3):345. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030345
Chicago/Turabian StyleMihatsch, Walter Alexander, Bernd Stahl, and Ulrike Braun. 2024. "The Umbilical Cord Creatine Flux and Time Course of Human Milk Creatine across Lactation" Nutrients 16, no. 3: 345. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030345