Assessment of Sex-Specific Associations between Athletic Identity and Nutrition Habits in Competitive Youth Athletes
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable Name | Question |
---|---|
Food intolerance | Do you have any food allergies/intolerances or avoid any food groups? |
Appetite changes | Have you experienced any recent changes in appetite? |
Skipping meals | Do you regularly skip at least one meal a day? |
Desiring nutrition knowledge | Do you wish you better understood nutrition for your training and/or recovery? |
Weight changes | Have you experienced any recent intentional or unintentional changes in your weight? |
Body suggestions | Are you trying or has someone recommended that you change your body composition or weight? |
Fracture history | Do you have a history of stress fractures? |
Fatigue history | Do you struggle with dizziness or fatigue during games, practices or with exercise? |
During the past 7 days, on how many days did you eat breakfast? |
Descriptives | n | % | |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | Female | 349 | 59.9 |
Male | 234 | 40.1 | |
Race | Native American/Alaskan Native | 7 | 1.2 |
Asian | 39 | 6.7 | |
Black/African American | 166 | 28.5 | |
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander | 5 | 0.9 | |
White | 366 | 62.8 | |
Other | 30 | 5.1 | |
Prefer Not to Answer | 22 | 3.8 | |
Ethnicity | Hispanic/Latino | 74 | 12.7 |
Not Hispanic/Latino | 465 | 79.8 | |
Prefer Not to Answer | 36 | 6.2 | |
Sport at Testing | Baseball | 12 | 2.1 |
Basketball | 163 | 28.0 | |
Cross Country | 16 | 2.7 | |
Gymnastics | 26 | 4.5 | |
Soccer | 189 | 32.4 | |
Volleyball | 166 | 28.5 | |
Other | 11 | 1.9 | |
Primary Sport | Basketball | 135 | 23.2 |
Cross Country | 11 | 1.9 | |
Gymnastics | 24 | 4.1 | |
Soccer | 186 | 31.9 | |
Softball/baseball | 15 | 2.6 | |
Track/field | 7 | 1.2 | |
Volleyball | 154 | 26.4 | |
Other | 8 | 1.4 | |
Competition Level | National Elite | 98 | 16.8 |
College or Professional | 22 | 3.8 | |
Select/club (Travel or Non-Travel) | 305 | 52.3 | |
High school | 169 | 29.0 | |
Middle school | 41 | 7.0 | |
Recreational | 12 | 2.1 | |
Not reported | 243 | 41.7 |
AIMS | Male (n = 234) | Female (n = 349) | Sex Comparison | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔAIMS | p-Value | ΔAIMS | p-Value | ΔAIMS | p-Value | ||
Food Intolerance | Yes: 26 (11.1%) | Yes: 52 (14.9%) | |||||
Total | −3.3% | 0.206 | 0.4% | 0.480 | 1.3% | 0.606 | |
SI | 1.4% | 0.801 | −2.0% | 0.475 | −6.1% | 0.122 | |
EX | −7.5% | 0.120 | −0.1% | 0.583 | 1.5% | 0.987 | |
NA | −8.0% | 0.318 | 2.4% | 0.706 | 15.6% | 0.082 | |
Appetite Changes | Yes: 24 (10.3%) | Yes: 25 (7.2%) | |||||
Total | 0.7% | 0.852 | −2.4% | 0.959 | −4.3% | 0.787 | |
SI | 0.0% | 0.495 | −5.9% | 0.324 | −8.7% | 0.303 | |
EX | −3.9% | 0.808 | −4.6% | 0.351 | −6.1% | 0.324 | |
NA | 7.4% | 0.283 | 6.0% | 0.230 | 5.2% | 0.498 | |
Skipping Meals | Yes: 41 (17.5%) | Yes: 90 (25.8%) | |||||
Total | 1.7% | 0.308 | 1.9% | 0.291 | −1.4% | 0.603 | |
SI | −1.4% | 0.491 | −2.4% | 0.148 | −3.7% | 0.172 | |
EX | 0.1% | 0.741 | 4.1% | 0.429 | −2.5% | 0.178 | |
NA | 9.9% | 0.080 | 7.5% | 0.026 * | 3.8% | 0.520 | |
Desiring Nutrition Knowledge | Yes: 180 (76.9%) | Yes: 262 (75.1%) | |||||
Total | 8.9% | 0.012 | 4.2% | 0.062 | −2.3% | 0.392 | |
SI | 6.6% | 0.157 | 1.2% | 0.581 | −4.3% | 0.002 | |
EX | 11.6% | 0.074 | 5.8% | 0.089 | −6.6% | 0.001 | |
NA | 10.2% | 0.103 | 8.3% | 0.017 * | 6.0% | 0.026 | |
Weight Changes | Yes: 28 (12.0%) | Yes (28, 8.0%) | |||||
Total | 1.9% | 0.291 | −3.4% | 0.907 | −6.2% | 0.511 | |
SI | 0.9% | 0.302 | −7.6% | 0.088 | −11.2% | 0.014 | |
EX | 2.0% | 0.582 | −3.3% | 0.769 | −10.2% | 0.098 | |
NA | 3.7% | 0.344 | 4.3% | 0.186 | 6.9% | 0.464 | |
Body Suggestions | Yes: 62 (26.5%) | Yes: 39 (11.2%) | |||||
Total | 7.3% | 0.002 | 1.6% | 0.713 | −5.2% | 0.109 | |
SI | 4.0% | 0.279 | 0.4% | 0.595 | −5.7% | 0.028 | |
EX | 7.2% | 0.060 | 1.2% | 0.961 | −9.5% | 0.020 | |
NA | 14.0% | 0.003 | 4.3% | 0.197 | 0.2% | 0.799 | |
Fracture History | Yes: 12 (5.1%) | Yes: 32 (9.2%) | |||||
Total | −2.7% | 0.779 | 8.5% | 0.023 | 8.7% | 0.244 | |
SI | 1.1% | 0.230 | 5.3% | 0.227 | 0.5% | 0.264 | |
EX | −2.5% | 0.931 | 6.4% | 0.312 | 2.7% | 0.739 | |
NA | −10.7% | 0.356 | 16.5% | 0.001 | 30.7% | 0.005 | |
Fatigue History | Yes: 7 (3.0%) | Yes: 35 (10.0%) | |||||
Total | 15.1% | 0.004 | −2.9% | 0.844 | −17.6% | 0.005 | |
SI | 6.4% | 0.129 | −4.5% | 0.252 | −13.2% | 0.030 | |
EX | 17.8% | 0.080 | −7.6% | 0.145 | −28.2% | 0.003 | |
NA | 29.7% | 0.104 | 4.8% | 0.302 | −14.8% | 0.085 |
SNAC Question | n | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Food intolerance | 583 | 0.71 (0.43–1.17) | 0.189 |
Appetite changes | 583 | 1.48 (0.82–2.67) | 0.189 |
Skipping meals | 583 | 0.61 (0.40–0.92) | 0.020 * |
Desiring nutrition knowledge | 583 | 1.11 (0.75–1.64) | 0.609 |
Weight changes | 583 | 1.56 (0.90–2.71) | 0.115 |
Body suggestions | 583 | 2.87 (1.85–4.49) | <0.001 * |
Fracture history | 583 | 0.54 (0.26–1.04) | 0.074 |
Fatigue history | 583 | 0.28 (0.11–0.60) | 0.002 * |
SNAC Question | df | SS | MS | F | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food intolerance | 1 | 0.430 | 0.430 | 0.008 | 0.927 |
Corrected Model | 6 | 264.2 | 44.04 | 0.862 | 0.523 |
Appetite changes | 1 | 94.52 | 94.52 | 1.861 | 0.173 |
Corrected Model | 6 | 358.3 | 59.72 | 1.176 | 0.319 |
Skipping meals | 1 | 141.9 | 141.9 | 2.803 | 0.095 |
Corrected Model | 6 | 405.8 | 67.63 | 1.335 | 0.241 |
Desiring nutrition knowledge | 1 | 758.1 | 758.1 | 15.54 | <0.001 * |
Corrected Model | 6 | 1021.9 | 170.3 | 3.491 | 0.002 * |
Weight changes | 1 | 84.35 | 84.35 | 1.660 | 0.199 |
Corrected Model | 6 | 348.2 | 58.03 | 1.142 | 0.338 |
Body suggestions | 1 | 305.7 | 305.7 | 6.095 | 0.014 * |
Corrected Model | 6 | 569.5 | 94.92 | 1.893 | 0.081 |
Fracture history | 1 | 123.0 | 123.0 | 2.426 | 0.120 |
Corrected Model | 6 | 386.8 | 64.47 | 1.271 | 0.270 |
Fatigue history | 1 | 1.484 | 1.484 | 0.029 | 0.865 |
Corrected Model | 6 | 265.3 | 44.22 | 0.866 | 0.520 |
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McGinley, J.J.; Hawkins, N.D.; Morrison, T.; Stapleton, E.; Gale, E.; Janosky, J.; Ellis, H.B.; Ulman, S. Assessment of Sex-Specific Associations between Athletic Identity and Nutrition Habits in Competitive Youth Athletes. Nutrients 2024, 16, 2826. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172826
McGinley JJ, Hawkins ND, Morrison T, Stapleton E, Gale E, Janosky J, Ellis HB, Ulman S. Assessment of Sex-Specific Associations between Athletic Identity and Nutrition Habits in Competitive Youth Athletes. Nutrients. 2024; 16(17):2826. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172826
Chicago/Turabian StyleMcGinley, James J., Nolan D. Hawkins, Taylor Morrison, Emily Stapleton, Emily Gale, Joseph Janosky, Henry B. Ellis, and Sophia Ulman. 2024. "Assessment of Sex-Specific Associations between Athletic Identity and Nutrition Habits in Competitive Youth Athletes" Nutrients 16, no. 17: 2826. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172826
APA StyleMcGinley, J. J., Hawkins, N. D., Morrison, T., Stapleton, E., Gale, E., Janosky, J., Ellis, H. B., & Ulman, S. (2024). Assessment of Sex-Specific Associations between Athletic Identity and Nutrition Habits in Competitive Youth Athletes. Nutrients, 16(17), 2826. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172826