Nutrition for Children and Adolescents Who Practice Sport: A Narrative Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Physical Activity, Sport, and Athletes
4. Nutritional Advice for Children and Adolescents Who Practice Physical Activity
4.1. Carbohydrates
4.2. Fats
4.3. Proteins
4.4. Hydration
5. Nutrition for Young Elite Athletes
5.1. Energy Requirements
5.2. Macronutrients
5.2.1. Carbohydrates
5.2.2. Proteins
5.2.3. Fats
5.2.4. Fluid Intake
5.2.5. Micronutrients
6. Food Supplements for Children and Adolescents Who Practice Sport
6.1. Vitamin D
6.2. Sport Drinks
6.3. Creatine
6.4. Caffeine
6.5. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
7. Sport and Special Diets
7.1. Eating Behaviors in Young Athletes
7.2. Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport
7.3. Eating Disorders in Young Athletes
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AA | Arachidonic acid |
AAP | American Academy of Pediatrics |
AHA | American Heart Association |
ALA | Alpha-linolenic acid |
CHO | Carbohydrate |
LA | Linolenic acid |
DPA | Docosapentaenoic acid |
DHA | Docosaexaehnoic acid |
DLW | Doubly labeled water |
ED | Eating disorder |
EPA | Eicosapentaenoic acid |
ESC | European Society of Cardiology |
NUKYA | Nutrition knowledge for young and adult athletes |
PA | Physical activity |
PALI | Physical activity level |
PUFA | Polyunsaturated fatty acids |
RCTs | Randomized controlled trials |
RE | Restrictive eating |
REDs | Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport |
RMR | Resting metabolic rate |
USG | Urinary specific gravity |
WHO | World Health Organization |
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Training Volume | Competition Level | |
---|---|---|
Elite athletes | >10 h/week | Their athletic performances have achieved the highest level of competition |
Competitive athletes | >6 h/week | Emphasis on improving performance |
Recreational athletes | >4 h/week | Unregulated competitions |
Exercisers | >2.5 h/week | Maintain health and fitness status |
AGE (Years) | DAILY ENERGY REQUIREMENT (kcal/day) | |
---|---|---|
BOYS | GIRLS | |
6–8 | 1800–1950 | 1650–1775 |
8–10 | 2100–2275 | 1950–2125 |
10–12 | 2475–2700 | 2300–2475 |
12–14 | 2925–3175 | 2625–2725 |
14–16 | 3450–3650 | 2855–2875 |
16–18 | 3825–3925 | 2875 |
Type of Food Supplement | Characteristics |
---|---|
Formulate and Sports Foods | These products offer a quick and easy way to obtain essential nutrients without requiring preparation (e.g., meal replacement shakes, protein bars) and are designed to support athletes’ energy needs and recovery before, during, and after exercise (e.g., sports drinks, gels, energy bars). |
Functional Foods | These foods have additional nutrients or ingredients beyond what is naturally present to offer specific health benefits (e.g., fortified cereals, protein-enriched yogurt). |
Single Nutrients and Herbal Products | Individual vitamins, minerals, or other components extracted from food sources (e.g., vitamin D supplements, iron) and concentrated forms of plant-based ingredients believed to offer health benefits. |
Multi-Ingredient Products | They combine various ingredients, like vitamins, minerals, herbs, or other functional components, to target specific health goals (e.g., multivitamins). |
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Capra, M.E.; Stanyevic, B.; Giudice, A.; Monopoli, D.; Decarolis, N.M.; Esposito, S.; Biasucci, G. Nutrition for Children and Adolescents Who Practice Sport: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2024, 16, 2803. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162803
Capra ME, Stanyevic B, Giudice A, Monopoli D, Decarolis NM, Esposito S, Biasucci G. Nutrition for Children and Adolescents Who Practice Sport: A Narrative Review. Nutrients. 2024; 16(16):2803. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162803
Chicago/Turabian StyleCapra, Maria Elena, Brigida Stanyevic, Antonella Giudice, Delia Monopoli, Nicola Mattia Decarolis, Susanna Esposito, and Giacomo Biasucci. 2024. "Nutrition for Children and Adolescents Who Practice Sport: A Narrative Review" Nutrients 16, no. 16: 2803. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162803