Association between Symptoms of Depression and Generalised Anxiety Disorder Evaluated through PHQ-9 and GAD-7 and Anti-Obesity Treatment in Polish Adult Women
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Recruitment
2.2. PHQ-9 Scale
2.3. GAD-7 Scale
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Study Group
3.2. Comparison of Generalised Anxiety Disorder and Depression Symptoms Evaluated through GAD-7 and PHQ-9 among Adult Women with Overweight, Obesity, and Normal Weight
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | N/M ± SD | |
---|---|---|
Age [years] | 38.89 ± 9.00 | |
Body mass index [kg/m2] | 33.32 ± 6.67 | |
Body mass index | Underweight | 0 (0.0) |
Normal weight | 92 (8.3) | |
Overweight | 254 (23.0) | |
Obesity I | 366 (33.1) | |
Obesity II | 247 (22.4) | |
Obesity III | 146 (13.2) | |
Pharmacological treatment of obesity | 488 (44.2) | |
Pharmacological treatment of obesity | Semaglutide | 232 (21.0) |
Liraglutide | 235 (21.3) | |
Naltrexone/Bupropione | 41 (3.7) | |
Surgical treatment of obesity | 131 (11.9) | |
Chronic diseases | 327 (29.6) | |
Chronic diseases | Hypertension | 220 (19.9) |
Cardiovascular diseases other than hypertension | 57 (5.2) | |
Obesity | 496 (44.8) | |
Hypothyroidism | 387 (35.0) | |
Diabetes mellitus type 2 | 116 (10.5) | |
Osteoarthritis | 76 (6.9) | |
Depression | 211 (19.1) | |
Anxiety | 153 (13.8) | |
Dyslipidemia | 101 (9.1) | |
Fatty liver disease | 112 (10.1) | |
Other | 367 (33.2) |
Variable | N/M ± SD | |
---|---|---|
GAD-7 | 9.57 ± 6.10 | |
GAD-7 Interpretation | Anxiety | 513 (46.4) |
PHQ-9 | 10.6 ± 6.36 | |
PHQ-9 Interpretation | Depression | 556 (50.3) |
Variable | M ± SD/r | p * |
---|---|---|
GAD-7 | ||
Age [years] | −0.106 | <0.001 |
BMI [kg/m2] | 0.121 | <0.001 |
PHQ-9 | ||
Age [years] | −0.103 | <0.001 |
BMI [kg/m2] | 0.173 | <0.001 |
Variable | GAD-7 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M ± SD/r | p | Anxiety N(%) | No Anxiety N(%) | p | ||
BMI | Normal weight | 8.41 ± 5.48 | <0.001% | 32 (34.8) | 60 (65.2) | <0.001 & |
Overweight | 9.22 ± 6.09 | 110 (43.3) | 144 (56.7) | |||
Obesity I | 8.86 ± 6.15 | 152 (41.5) | 214 (58.5) | |||
Obesity II | 10.69 ± 6.09 | 136 (55.1) | 111 (44.9) | |||
Obesity III | 10.79 ± 5.97 | 83 (56.9) | 63 (43.1) | |||
Pharmacological treatment of obesity | Yes | 9.36 ± 6.01 | 0.321 * | 221 (45.3) | 267 (54.7) | 0.499 & |
No | 9.74 ± 6.17 | 292 (47.3) | 325 (52.7) | |||
Semaglutide | Yes | 8.71 ± 6.16 | 0.013 * | 100 (43.1) | 132 (56.9) | 0.254 & |
No | 9.80 ± 6.07 | 413 (47.3) | 460 (52.7) | |||
Liraglutide | Yes | 9.78 ± 5.85 | 0.465 * | 110 (46.8) | 125 (53.2) | 0.8944 & |
No | 9.52 ± 6.17 | 403 (46.3) | 467 (53.7) | |||
Naltrexone/Bupropione | Yes | 10.54 ± 6.45 | 0.365 * | 20 (48.8) | 21 (51.2) | 0.757 & |
No | 9.55 ± 6.10 | 493 (46.3) | 571 (53.7) | |||
Surgical treatment of obesity | Yes | 8.03 ± 6.27 | 0.002 * | 47 (35.9) | 84 (64.1) | 0.009 & |
No | 9.78 ± 6.06 | 466 (47.8) | 508 (52.2) |
Variable | PHQ-9 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M ± SD/r | p | Depression N(%) | No Depression N(%) | p | ||
BMI | Normal weight | 8.67 ± 6.26 | <0.001% | 30 (32.6) | 62 (67.4) | <0.001 & |
Overweight | 9.97 ± 6.23 | 111 (43.7) | 143 (56.3) | |||
Obesity I | 10.05 ± 6.15 | 168 (45.9) | 198 (54.1) | |||
Obesity II | 11.89 ± 6.36 | 153 (61.9) | 94 (38.1) | |||
Obesity III | 12.22 ± 6.46 | 94 (64.4) | 52 (35.6) | |||
Pharmacological treatment of obesity | Yes | 10.39 ± 6.02 | 0.329 * | 229 (46.9) | 259 (53.1) | 0.044 & |
No | 10.79 ± 6.22 | 327 (53.0) | 290 (47.0) | |||
Semaglutide | Yes | 9.76 ± 6.37 | 0.013 * | 102 (43.9) | 130 (56.1) | 0.029 & |
No | 10.84 ± 6.33 | 454 (52.0) | 419 (48.0) | |||
Liraglutide | Yes | 10.92 ± 5.98 | 0.253 * | 116 (49.4) | 119 (50.6) | 0.741 & |
No | 10.52 ± 6.45 | 440 (50.6) | 430 (49.4) | |||
Naltrexone/Bupropione | Yes | 11.09 ± 6.32 | 0.683 * | 21 (51.2) | 20 (48.8) | 0.906 & |
No | 10.59 ± 6.36 | 535 (50.3) | 529 (49.7) | |||
Surgical treatment of obesity | Yes | 9.77 ± 6.29 | 0.109 * | 61 (46.6) | 70 (53.4) | 0.361 & |
No | 10.73 ± 6.36 | 495 (50.8) | 479 (49.2) |
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Witaszek, T.; Kłoda, K.; Mastalerz-Migas, A.; Babicki, M. Association between Symptoms of Depression and Generalised Anxiety Disorder Evaluated through PHQ-9 and GAD-7 and Anti-Obesity Treatment in Polish Adult Women. Nutrients 2024, 16, 2438. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16152438
Witaszek T, Kłoda K, Mastalerz-Migas A, Babicki M. Association between Symptoms of Depression and Generalised Anxiety Disorder Evaluated through PHQ-9 and GAD-7 and Anti-Obesity Treatment in Polish Adult Women. Nutrients. 2024; 16(15):2438. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16152438
Chicago/Turabian StyleWitaszek, Tomasz, Karolina Kłoda, Agnieszka Mastalerz-Migas, and Mateusz Babicki. 2024. "Association between Symptoms of Depression and Generalised Anxiety Disorder Evaluated through PHQ-9 and GAD-7 and Anti-Obesity Treatment in Polish Adult Women" Nutrients 16, no. 15: 2438. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16152438
APA StyleWitaszek, T., Kłoda, K., Mastalerz-Migas, A., & Babicki, M. (2024). Association between Symptoms of Depression and Generalised Anxiety Disorder Evaluated through PHQ-9 and GAD-7 and Anti-Obesity Treatment in Polish Adult Women. Nutrients, 16(15), 2438. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16152438