Relationship between Food Allergy and Endotoxin Concentration and the Toleration Status at 2 Years: The Japan Environment and Children’s Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design, Setting, and Participants
2.2. Variables
2.3. Measurement of Endotoxin Concentration
2.4. Measurement of Food Allergen-Specific Ig Levels
2.5. Bias and Study Size
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participants
3.2. Endotoxin Concentrations and House Dust Mite Allergens
3.3. Endotoxin Concentrations and the Toleration Statuses of HE and CM
3.4. Endotoxin Concentrations and EW- and CM-Specific Ig Levels
3.5. EW- and CM-Specific Ig Levels and Toleration Statuses
3.6. Subgroup Analysis by Eczema in the Toleration Statuses of HE and CM
3.7. Subgroup Analysis by Eczema in EW- and CM-Specific IgE and IgG4 Levels
3.8. Correlation between Endotoxin Concentration and Specific IgE and IgG4 Levels
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Hen’s Egg Allergy at 1 y | Cow’s Milk Allergy at 1 y | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
All, N # | Intake at 2 y N (%) in the Item | All, N # | Intake at 2 y N (%) in the Item | |
Sex | 204 | 72 | ||
Male | 107 | 53 (49.5) | 45 | 24 (53.3) |
Female | 97 | 54 (55.7) | 27 | 14 (51.9) |
Mode of delivery | 204 | 72 | ||
Cesarean section | 43 | 18 (41.9) | 14 | 7 (50.0) |
Vaginal | 161 | 89 (55.3) | 58 | 31 (53.4) |
Birth weight | 204 | 72 | ||
<2500 g | 12 | 9 (75.0) | 2 | 1 (50.0) |
≥2500 g | 192 | 98 (51.0) | 70 | 37 (52.9) |
Sibling | 203 | 72 | ||
YES | 108 | 54 (50.0) | 56 | 27 (48.2) |
NO | 95 | 52 (54.7) | 16 | 11 (68.8) |
Maternal allergy | 204 | 72 | ||
YES | 105 | 56 (53.3) | 47 | 23 (48.9) |
NO | 99 | 51 (51.5) | 25 | 15 (60.0) |
Household Income | 201 | 66 | ||
<4 million yen | 74 | 46 (62.2) | 21 | 14 (66.7) |
≥4 million yen | 127 | 60 (47.2) | 45 | 20 (44.4) |
Climate of residence | 204 | 72 | ||
Subarctic | 49 | 30 (61.2) | 21 | 14 (66.7) |
Temperate | 155 | 77 (49.7) | 51 | 24 (47.1) |
Indoor pet owner at 6 m | 204 | 72 | ||
YES | 22 | 15 (68.2) | 3 | 1 (33.3) |
NO | 182 | 92 (50.5) | 69 | 37 (53.6) |
Breastfeeding until 1 y | 204 | 72 | ||
YES | 145 | 69 (47.6) | 54 | 25 (46.3) |
NO | 59 | 38 (64.4) | 18 | 13 (72.2) |
Current eczema at 2 y | 202 | 71 | ||
YES | 70 | 30 (42.9) | 34 | 11 (32.4) |
NO | 132 | 76 (57.6) | 37 | 27 (73.0) |
Specific Immunoglobulin | Allergen | Current Eczema | Correlation Coefficient | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Specific IgE | Egg white | Yes | −0.087 | 0.48 |
No | 0.014 | 0.87 | ||
Cow’s milk | Yes | −0.11 | 0.54 | |
No | −0.28 | 0.090 | ||
Specific IgG4 | Egg white | Yes | 0.24 | 0.048 |
No | 0.18 | 0.042 | ||
Cow’s milk | YES | −0.16 | 0.36 | |
No | 0.35 | 0.033 |
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Irahara, M.; Yamamoto-Hanada, K.; Sato, M.; Saito-Abe, M.; Miyaji, Y.; Yang, L.; Nishizato, M.; Kumasaka, N.; Mezawa, H.; Ohya, Y.; et al. Relationship between Food Allergy and Endotoxin Concentration and the Toleration Status at 2 Years: The Japan Environment and Children’s Study. Nutrients 2023, 15, 968. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040968
Irahara M, Yamamoto-Hanada K, Sato M, Saito-Abe M, Miyaji Y, Yang L, Nishizato M, Kumasaka N, Mezawa H, Ohya Y, et al. Relationship between Food Allergy and Endotoxin Concentration and the Toleration Status at 2 Years: The Japan Environment and Children’s Study. Nutrients. 2023; 15(4):968. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040968
Chicago/Turabian StyleIrahara, Makoto, Kiwako Yamamoto-Hanada, Miori Sato, Mayako Saito-Abe, Yumiko Miyaji, Limin Yang, Minaho Nishizato, Natsuhiko Kumasaka, Hidetoshi Mezawa, Yukihiro Ohya, and et al. 2023. "Relationship between Food Allergy and Endotoxin Concentration and the Toleration Status at 2 Years: The Japan Environment and Children’s Study" Nutrients 15, no. 4: 968. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040968
APA StyleIrahara, M., Yamamoto-Hanada, K., Sato, M., Saito-Abe, M., Miyaji, Y., Yang, L., Nishizato, M., Kumasaka, N., Mezawa, H., Ohya, Y., & on behalf of the Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS) Group. (2023). Relationship between Food Allergy and Endotoxin Concentration and the Toleration Status at 2 Years: The Japan Environment and Children’s Study. Nutrients, 15(4), 968. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040968