The Association between Tooth Loss and Insulin Resistance Mediated by Diet Quality and Systemic Immunoinflammatory Index
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Measures
3. Result
3.1. Baseline Characteristics of the Studied Population
3.2. Association between Tooth Loss and HOMA-IR
3.3. Involvement of Diet Quality in the Association between Tooth Loss and HOMA-IR
3.4. Involvement of SII in the Association between Tooth Loss and HOMA-IR
3.5. Analysis of Mediating Effects of Diet Quality and SII in the Association between Tooth Loss and HOMA-IR
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Total (n = 8197) | HOMA-IR < 2.5 (n = 4336) | HOMA-IR ≥ 2.5 (n = 3861) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 47.33 ± 0.18 | 45.96 ± 0.26 | 48.87 ± 0.26 | <0.001 |
Sex | <0.001 | |||
Female | 3761 (45.9) | 2106 (48.6) | 1655 (42.9) | |
Male | 4436 (54.1) | 2230 (51.4) | 2206 (57.1) | |
Race and ethnicity | <0.001 | |||
Non-Hispanic White | 3981 (48.6) | 2282 (52.6) | 1699 (44.0) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 1659 (20.2) | 833 (19.2) | 826 (21.4) | |
Mexican American | 1097 (13.4) | 434 (10.0) | 663 (17.2) | |
Other | 1460 (17.8) | 787 (18.2) | 673 (17.4) | |
Education level | <0.001 | |||
Less than high school | 1440 (17.6) | 697 (16.1) | 743 (19.2) | |
High school or equivalent | 1847 (22.5) | 908 (20.9) | 939 (24.3) | |
College or above | 4910 (59.9) | 2731 (63.0) | 2179 (56.5) | |
Ratio of family income to poverty | <0.001 | |||
0–1.0 (including 1.0) | 1380 (16.8) | 703 (16.2) | 677 (17.5) | |
1.0–3.0(including 3.0) | 3172 (38.7) | 1578 (36.4) | 1594 (41.3) | |
>3.0 | 3645 (44.5) | 2055 (47.4) | 1590 (41.2) | |
Body mass index | <0.001 | |||
Normal (<25.0) | 2626 (32.0) | 2145 (49.5) | 481 (12,5) | |
Overweight (25.0–30.0) | 2922 (35.6) | 1576 (36.3) | 1346 (34.8) | |
Obese (>30.0) | 2649 (32.3) | 615 (14.2) | 2034 (52.7) | |
Smoking status | <0.001 | |||
Non-smoker | 4148 (50.6) | 2204 (50.8) | 1944 (50.3) | |
Former smoker | 2159 (26.3) | 1048 (24.2) | 1111 (28.8) | |
Current smoker | 1890 (23.1) | 1084 (25.0) | 806 (20.9) | |
Alcohol drinking | <0.05 | |||
≥5 drinks/day | 1159 (14.1) | 574 (13.2) | 585 (15.2) | |
<5 drinks/day | 7038 (85.9) | 3762 (86.8) | 3276 (84.8) |
Number of Tooth Loss | Linear Regression Analysis | Logistic Regression Analysis | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||
β (95%CI) | p-Value | OR (95%CI) | p-Value | OR (95%CI) | p-Value | |
Continuous | 0.052 (0.031, 0.073) | <0.001 | 1.018 (1.012, 1.025) | <0.001 | 1.013 (1.005, 1.022) | <0.01 |
Q1 (0) | Reference | - | Reference | - | Reference | - |
Q2 (1) | 0.023 (0.008, 1.035) | <0.05 | 1.308 (1.127, 1.519) | <0.001 | 1.078 (0.906, 1.282) | 0.396 |
Q3 (2–5) | 0.031 (0.107, 0.859) | <0.05 | 1.366 (1.225, 1.524) | <0.001 | 1.199 (1.048, 1.371) | <0.01 |
Q4 (6–28) | 0.073 (0.802, 1.584) | <0.001 | 1.646 (1.469, 1.845) | <0.001 | 1.301 (1.102, 1.537) | <0.01 |
Number of Tooth Loss | β (95%CI) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | p-Value | Model 2 | p-Value | |
Continuous | −0.040 (−0.116, −0.035) | <0.001 | −0.112 (−0.258, −0.164) | <0.001 |
Q1 (0) | Reference | - | Reference | - |
Q2 (1) | 0.017 (−0.249, 1.786) | 0.139 | −0.005 (−1.179, 0.780) | 0.689 |
Q3 (2–5) | 0.014 (−0.299, 1.191) | 0.240 | −0.047 (−2.203, −0.699) | <0.001 |
Q4 (6–28) | −0.027 (−1.642, −0.092) | <0.05 | −0.121 (−4.839, −2.974) | <0.001 |
HEI-2015 Score | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
β (95%CI) | p-Value | OR (95%CI) | p-Value | |
Continuous | 0.040 (0.000, 0.001) | <0.001 | 0.986 (0.982, 0.990) | <0.001 |
A1 (average) | Reference | - | Reference | - |
A2 (best) | −0.025 (−1.182, 0.062) | <0.05 | 0.776 (0.641, 0.939) | <0.01 |
A3 (inadequate) | 0.052 (0.408, 1.039) | <0.001 | 1.267 (1.138, 1.411) | <0.001 |
Number of Tooth Loss | β (95%CI) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | p-Value | Model 2 | p-Value | |
Continuous | 0.076 (2.408, 4.315) | <0.001 | 0.051 (1.121, 3.406) | <0.001 |
Q1 (0) | Reference | - | Reference | - |
Q2 (1) | 0.006 (−17.623, 29.890) | 0.613 | −0.006 (−30.274, 17.710) | 0.608 |
Q3 (2–5) | 0.032 (5.485, 40.268) | <0.05 | 0.010 (−11.046, 25.804) | 0.432 |
Q4 (6–28) | 0.072 (36.135, 72.336) | <0.001 | 0.032 (1.777, 47.448) | <0.05 |
SII | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
β (95%CI) | p-Value | OR (95%CI) | p-Value | |
Continuous | 0.040 (0.000, 0.001) | <0.001 | 1.000 (1.000, 1.001) | <0.001 |
Q1 (≤325.18) | Reference | - | Reference | - |
Q2 (325.19–452.57) | 0.027 (0.003, 0.851) | <0.05 | 1.130 (0.980, 1.303) | 0.092 |
Q3 (452.58–640.40) | 0.037 (0.168, 1.015) | <0.01 | 1.234 (1.070, 1.423) | <0.01 |
Q4 (≥640.40) | 0.060 (0.542, 1.389) | <0.001 | 1.363 (1.179, 1.575) | <0.001 |
Tooth Loss →HEI-2015 Score → HOMA-IR | Tooth Loss → SII → HOMA-IR | |
---|---|---|
C (total effect) | 0.052 *** | 0.052 *** |
a | −0.076 *** | 3.361 *** |
b | −0.033 *** | 0.001 ** |
a × b (mediating effect) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
a × b (BOOT SE) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
a × b (z-value) | 3.089 | 2.846 |
a × b (p-value) | 0.002 | 0.004 |
a × b (95% Boot CI) | 0.001, 0.004 | 0.001, 0.004 |
c’ (direct effect) | 0.047 *** | 0.047 *** |
Effect ratio | 4.731% | 4.576% |
Test conclusion | Partial mediation | Partial mediation |
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Hao, Y.; Li, S.; Dong, S.; Niu, L. The Association between Tooth Loss and Insulin Resistance Mediated by Diet Quality and Systemic Immunoinflammatory Index. Nutrients 2023, 15, 5008. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15235008
Hao Y, Li S, Dong S, Niu L. The Association between Tooth Loss and Insulin Resistance Mediated by Diet Quality and Systemic Immunoinflammatory Index. Nutrients. 2023; 15(23):5008. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15235008
Chicago/Turabian StyleHao, Yaqi, Shaoru Li, Shaojie Dong, and Lin Niu. 2023. "The Association between Tooth Loss and Insulin Resistance Mediated by Diet Quality and Systemic Immunoinflammatory Index" Nutrients 15, no. 23: 5008. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15235008