Dietary Patterns and Circadian Syndrome among Adults Attending NHANES 2005–2016
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Sample
2.2. Outcome Variable: Circadian Syndrome
- Elevated waist circumference was defined by waist circumference ≥88 cm for women and ≥102 cm for men.
- Elevated fasting glucose was defined by fasting glucose ≥100 mg/dL, or patients being treated with medication, which was assessed with the question “now taking diabetic pills to lower your blood sugar?”
- Elevated triglyceride was defined by serum triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL, or patients being treated with medication, which was assessed with the question “because of your high blood cholesterol, have you ever been told by a doctor or other health professional to take prescribed medicine?”
- Reduced HDL-Cholesterol was defined by serum HDL-C <40 mg/dL in men and <50 mg/dL in women or, the answer “yes” to the question “to lower blood cholesterol, ever been told by a doctor or other health professional to take prescribed medicine?”
- Elevated blood pressure was defined by systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥130 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥85 mmHg, or patients being treated with antihypertensive medication. The use of antihypertensive medication was assessed by the survey question “Are you now taking prescribed medicine for HBP?”
- Short sleep was defined by a sleep duration of <6 h per day [30] and was measured by the question “How much sleep do you usually get at night on weekdays or workdays?”
- Depression symptoms were based on a score of ≥5 of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). It is a 9-item depression screening instrument that aims to evaluate the occurrence of depression symptoms within the preceding two weeks. The scores are categorized as no/minimal depression (score of 0–4) or depression (score of ≥5).
2.3. Exposure Variable: Dietary Patterns
2.4. Covariates
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. Dietary Patterns and CircS and MetS
3.3. Subgroup Analyses
4. Discussion
4.1. Comparison with Other Studies
4.2. Potential Mechanisms
4.3. Implications of Circadian Syndrome
4.4. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | p-Value b | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 10,486 | n = 2622 | n = 2621 | n = 2622 | n = 2621 | ||
Energy intake (kcal/day) | 2023.8 (781.8) | 1299.9 (399.5) | 1704.1 (360.3) | 2120.1 (394.3) | 2971.1 (683.7) | <0.001 |
Protein intake (g/day) | 80.2 (34.0) | 56.9 (24.6) | 69.2 (23.2) | 83.0 (25.3) | 111.7 (34.4) | <0.001 |
Fat intake (g/day) | 76.6 (36.3) | 43.0 (16.7) | 62.7 (16.8) | 81.5 (19.0) | 119.4 (34.0) | <0.001 |
Carbohydrate intake (g/day) | 246.5 (100.5) | 171.7 (63.2) | 211.5 (62.9) | 255.0 (69.2) | 347.9 (102.3) | <0.001 |
Western pattern | 0.0 (1.0) | −1.1 (0.3) | −0.4 (0.2) | 0.2 (0.2) | 1.4 (0.8) | <0.001 |
Prudent pattern | 0.0 (1.0) | 0.1 (1.1) | −0.1 (1.0) | −0.1 (0.9) | 0.1 (1.0) | <0.001 |
Age (years) | 50.3 (17.6) | 55.5 (17.5) | 52.6 (17.7) | 49.1 (17.5) | 44.0 (15.5) | <0.001 |
Sex | <0.001 | |||||
Men | 5147 (49.1%) | 756 (28.8%) | 1055 (40.3%) | 1389 (53.0%) | 1947 (74.3%) | |
Women | 5339 (50.9%) | 1866 (71.2%) | 1566 (59.7%) | 1233 (47.0%) | 674 (25.7%) | |
Ethnicity | <0.001 | |||||
Non-Hispanic White | 4973 (47.4%) | 1064 (40.6%) | 1235 (47.1%) | 1329 (50.7%) | 1345 (51.3%) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 2002 (19.1%) | 536 (20.4%) | 530 (20.2%) | 461 (17.6%) | 475 (18.1%) | |
Mexican American | 1587 (15.1%) | 340 (13.0%) | 361 (13.8%) | 421 (16.1%) | 465 (17.7%) | |
Others | 1924 (18.3%) | 682 (26.0%) | 495 (18.9%) | 411 (15.7%) | 336 (12.8%) | |
Education | <0.001 | |||||
<11 grade | 2494 (23.8%) | 690 (26.4%) | 629 (24.0%) | 589 (22.5%) | 586 (22.4%) | |
High school | 2400 (22.9%) | 571 (21.8%) | 566 (21.6%) | 599 (22.9%) | 664 (25.3%) | |
Some college | 3043 (29.0%) | 694 (26.5%) | 763 (29.1%) | 781 (29.8%) | 805 (30.7%) | |
Higher than college | 2541 (24.3%) | 662 (25.3%) | 663 (25.3%) | 651 (24.8%) | 565 (21.6%) | |
Smoking | <0.001 | |||||
Never | 5694 (54.3%) | 1637 (62.5%) | 1454 (55.5%) | 1341 (51.2%) | 1262 (48.1%) | |
Former | 2698 (25.7%) | 632 (24.1%) | 708 (27.0%) | 710 (27.1%) | 648 (24.7%) | |
Current smoker | 2090 (19.9%) | 352 (13.4%) | 457 (17.4%) | 570 (21.7%) | 711 (27.1%) | |
Alcohol drinking (past 12 months) | <0.001 | |||||
No | 1938 (18.5%) | 548 (20.9%) | 525 (20.0%) | 451 (17.2%) | 414 (15.8%) | |
Yes | 7143 (68.1%) | 1515 (57.8%) | 1716 (65.5%) | 1917 (73.1%) | 1995 (76.1%) | |
Missing | 1405 (13.4%) | 559 (21.3%) | 380 (14.5%) | 254 (9.7%) | 212 (8.1%) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 29.1 (6.7) | 28.5 (6.5) | 29.1 (6.7) | 29.3 (6.8) | 29.4 (6.9) | <0.001 |
Leisure time physical activity (METs minutes/week) | <0.001 | |||||
<600 | 4153 (39.6%) | 1172 (44.7%) | 1121 (42.8%) | 1015 (38.7%) | 845 (32.3%) | |
600–1200 | 1218 (11.6%) | 335 (12.8%) | 298 (11.4%) | 322 (12.3%) | 263 (10.0%) | |
≥1200 | 5114 (48.8%) | 1115 (42.5%) | 1202 (45.9%) | 1285 (49.0%) | 1512 (57.7%) | |
Ratio of family income to poverty | 0.10 | |||||
<1.30 | 2904 (29.9%) | 758 (32.1%) | 691 (28.6%) | 701 (28.7%) | 754 (30.4%) | |
1.3–3.5 | 3717 (38.3%) | 890 (37.6%) | 941 (38.9%) | 961 (39.4%) | 925 (37.3%) | |
>3.5 | 3084 (31.8%) | 717 (30.3%) | 785 (32.5%) | 778 (31.9%) | 804 (32.4%) | |
Hypertension | 3871 (37.0%) | 1164 (44.5%) | 1059 (40.4%) | 913 (34.8%) | 735 (28.1%) | <0.001 |
Central obesity | 6056 (57.8%) | 1588 (60.6%) | 1572 (60.0%) | 1529 (58.3%) | 1367 (52.2%) | <0.001 |
Elevated glucose | 5567 (53.1%) | 1406 (53.6%) | 1374 (52.4%) | 1386 (52.9%) | 1401 (53.5%) | 0.81 |
Elevated triglycerides | 4495 (42.9%) | 1175 (44.8%) | 1129 (43.1%) | 1126 (42.9%) | 1065 (40.6%) | 0.024 |
Reduced HDL-C | 4724 (45.1%) | 1255 (47.9%) | 1199 (45.7%) | 1175 (44.8%) | 1095 (41.8%) | <0.001 |
Elevated blood pressure | 5137 (49.0%) | 1449 (55.3%) | 1348 (51.4%) | 1242 (47.4%) | 1098 (41.9%) | <0.001 |
Depression symptoms | 2421 (23.1%) | 626 (23.9%) | 598 (22.8%) | 592 (22.6%) | 605 (23.1%) | 0.70 |
Short sleep | 3657 (34.9%) | 889 (33.9%) | 903 (34.5%) | 870 (33.2%) | 995 (38.0%) | 0.001 |
Metabolic Syndrome | 5124 (48.9%) | 1383 (52.7%) | 1318 (50.3%) | 1261 (48.1%) | 1162 (44.3%) | <0.001 |
Circadian Syndrome | 4331 (41.3%) | 1184 (45.2%) | 1091 (41.6%) | 1065 (40.6%) | 991 (37.8%) | <0.001 |
Total | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | p-Value b | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 10,486 | n = 2622 | n = 2621 | n = 2622 | n = 2621 | ||
Energy intake (kcal/day) | 2023.8 (781.8) | 1715.2 (691.1) | 1911.2 (713.8) | 2078.8 (723.8) | 2389.9 (830.4) | <0.001 |
Protein intake (g/day) | 80.2 (34.0) | 64.0 (27.8) | 74.4 (29.3) | 83.4 (30.6) | 98.8 (37.4) | <0.001 |
Fat intake (g/day) | 76.6 (36.3) | 63.1 (29.2) | 71.6 (31.9) | 78.8 (34.3) | 93.1 (41.6) | <0.001 |
Carbohydrate intake (g/day) | 246.5 (100.5) | 212.9 (95.0) | 234.0 (92.3) | 252.7 (93.2) | 286.6 (106.0) | <0.001 |
Western pattern | 0.0 (1.0) | −0.0 (0.9) | 0.0 (0.9) | 0.0 (1.0) | 0.0 (1.2) | 0.009 |
Prudent pattern | 0.0 (1.0) | −1.0 (0.2) | −0.5 (0.1) | 0.1 (0.2) | 1.3 (0.9) | <0.001 |
Age (years) | 50.3 (17.6) | 47.6 (17.9) | 50.6 (18.2) | 51.6 (17.4) | 51.3 (16.5) | <0.001 |
Sex | <0.001 | |||||
Men | 5147 (49.1%) | 1263 (48.2%) | 1219 (46.5%) | 1289 (49.2%) | 1376 (52.5%) | |
Women | 5339 (50.9%) | 1359 (51.8%) | 1402 (53.5%) | 1333 (50.8%) | 1245 (47.5%) | |
Ethnicity | <0.001 | |||||
Non-Hispanic White | 4973 (47.4%) | 1247 (47.6%) | 1166 (44.5%) | 1249 (47.6%) | 1311 (50.0%) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 2002 (19.1%) | 636 (24.3%) | 535 (20.4%) | 460 (17.5%) | 371 (14.2%) | |
Mexican American | 1587 (15.1%) | 349 (13.3%) | 454 (17.3%) | 432 (16.5%) | 352 (13.4%) | |
Others | 1924 (18.3%) | 390 (14.9%) | 466 (17.8%) | 481 (18.3%) | 587 (22.4%) | |
Education | <0.001 | |||||
<11 grade | 2494 (23.8%) | 852 (32.6%) | 713 (27.2%) | 577 (22.0%) | 352 (13.4%) | |
High school | 2400 (22.9%) | 778 (29.7%) | 652 (24.9%) | 573 (21.9%) | 397 (15.2%) | |
Some college | 3043 (29.0%) | 713 (27.2%) | 775 (29.6%) | 782 (29.8%) | 773 (29.5%) | |
Higher than college | 2541 (24.3%) | 274 (10.5%) | 481 (18.4%) | 688 (26.3%) | 1098 (41.9%) | |
Smoking | <0.001 | |||||
Never | 5694 (54.3%) | 1185 (45.2%) | 1420 (54.2%) | 1522 (58.0%) | 1567 (59.8%) | |
Former | 2698 (25.7%) | 534 (20.4%) | 687 (26.2%) | 686 (26.2%) | 791 (30.2%) | |
Current smoker | 2090 (19.9%) | 902 (34.4%) | 512 (19.5%) | 414 (15.8%) | 262 (10.0%) | |
Alcohol drinking (past 12 months) | <0.001 | |||||
No | 1938 (18.5%) | 543 (20.7%) | 513 (19.6%) | 466 (17.8%) | 416 (15.9%) | |
Yes | 7143 (68.1%) | 1706 (65.1%) | 1720 (65.6%) | 1817 (69.3%) | 1900 (72.5%) | |
Missing | 1405 (13.4%) | 373 (14.2%) | 388 (14.8%) | 339 (12.9%) | 305 (11.6%) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 29.1 (6.7) | 29.4 (7.1) | 29.5 (6.9) | 29.2 (6.5) | 28.2 (6.3) | <0.001 |
Leisure time physical activity (METs minutes/week) | <0.001 | |||||
<600 | 4153 (39.6%) | 1194 (45.6%) | 1137 (43.4%) | 1034 (39.4%) | 788 (30.1%) | |
600–1200 | 1218 (11.6%) | 269 (10.3%) | 283 (10.8%) | 320 (12.2%) | 346 (13.2%) | |
≥1200 | 5114 (48.8%) | 1158 (44.2%) | 1201 (45.8%) | 1268 (48.4%) | 1487 (56.7%) | |
Ratio of family income to poverty | <0.001 | |||||
<1.30 | 2904 (29.9%) | 1015 (41.9%) | 802 (32.9%) | 611 (25.4%) | 476 (19.6%) | |
1.3–3.5 | 3717 (38.3%) | 964 (39.8%) | 1004 (41.1%) | 942 (39.1%) | 807 (33.2%) | |
>3.5 | 3084 (31.8%) | 445 (18.4%) | 634 (26.0%) | 855 (35.5%) | 1150 (47.3%) | |
Hypertension | 3871 (37.0%) | 916 (35.0%) | 1040 (39.7%) | 1018 (38.9%) | 897 (34.2%) | <0.001 |
Central obesity | 6056 (57.8%) | 1552 (59.2%) | 1609 (61.4%) | 1545 (58.9%) | 1350 (51.5%) | <0.001 |
Elevated glucose | 5567 (53.1%) | 1365 (52.1%) | 1434 (54.7%) | 1423 (54.3%) | 1345 (51.3%) | 0.034 |
Elevated triglycerides | 4495 (42.9%) | 1126 (42.9%) | 1161 (44.3%) | 1168 (44.5%) | 1040 (39.7%) | 0.001 |
Reduced HDL-C | 4724 (45.1%) | 1245 (47.5%) | 1222 (46.6%) | 1184 (45.2%) | 1073 (40.9%) | <0.001 |
Elevated blood pressure | 5137 (49.0%) | 1266 (48.3%) | 1387 (52.9%) | 1298 (49.5%) | 1186 (45.2%) | <0.001 |
Depression symptoms | 2421 (23.1%) | 769 (29.3%) | 620 (23.7%) | 567 (21.6%) | 465 (17.7%) | <0.001 |
Short sleep | 3657 (34.9%) | 1036 (39.5%) | 957 (36.5%) | 869 (33.1%) | 795 (30.3%) | <0.001 |
Metabolic Syndrome | 5124 (48.9%) | 1295 (49.4%) | 1371 (52.3%) | 1308 (49.9%) | 1150 (43.9%) | <0.001 |
Circadian Syndrome | 4331 (41.3%) | 1122 (42.8%) | 1164 (44.4%) | 1108 (42.3%) | 937 (35.7%) | <0.001 |
Quartiles of Dietary Pattern | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Intake as Continuous Variable (per 1 SD) | p-Value a | |
Western pattern | ||||||
Unadjusted | 1.00 | 0.82 (0.71–0.95) | 0.85 (0.73–0.99) | 0.84 (0.73–0.98) | 0.96 (0.91–1.01) | 0.105 |
Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.87–1.20) | 1.45 (1.18–1.77) | 2.39 (1.85–3.09) | 1.77 (1.54–2.03) | <0.001 |
Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.84–1.15) | 1.32 (1.08–1.60) | 1.96 (1.53–2.53) | 1.53 (1.33–1.75) | <0.001 |
Prudent pattern | ||||||
Unadjusted | 1.00 | 1.05 (0.90–1.22) | 0.92 (0.78–1.09) | 0.74 (0.63–0.86) | 0.85 (0.81–0.90) | <0.001 |
Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.85 (0.71–1.01) | 0.66 (0.55–0.81) | 0.49 (0.41–0.59) | 0.74 (0.69–0.79) | <0.001 |
Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.80–1.17) | 0.83 (0.68–1.03) | 0.71 (0.58–0.86) | 0.84 (0.79–0.91) | <0.001 |
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Dietary Pattern as Continuous Variable (per 1 SD) | p-Value a | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Western pattern | ||||||
Central obesity | 1.00 | 1.25 (1.07–1.46) | 1.71 (1.45–2.01) | 2.22 (1.76–2.81) | 1.68 (1.48–1.91) | <0.001 |
Elevated glucose | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.88–1.22) | 1.29 (1.09–1.53) | 1.76 (1.35–2.30) | 1.40 (1.24–1.58) | <0.001 |
Elevated triglyceride | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.88–1.22) | 1.18 (0.97–1.44) | 1.45 (1.15–1.82) | 1.27 (1.13–1.42) | <0.001 |
Low HDL | 1.00 | 1.08 (0.92–1.26) | 1.25 (1.05–1.49) | 1.56 (1.27–1.92) | 1.25 (1.13–1.40) | <0.001 |
Elevated blood pressure | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.76–1.07) | 1.13 (0.90–1.40) | 1.28 (0.95–1.73) | 1.28 (1.13–1.46) | <0.001 |
Depressive symptoms | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.75–1.05) | 0.95 (0.78–1.16) | 1.04 (0.78–1.40) | 1.08 (0.95–1.23) | 0.254 |
Short sleep | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.79–1.11) | 0.89 (0.76–1.04) | 1.13 (0.87–1.47) | 1.09 (0.96–1.24) | 0.173 |
Prudent pattern | ||||||
Central obesity | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.82–1.16) | 0.89 (0.75–1.04) | 0.70 (0.59–0.83) | 0.83 (0.78–0.89) | <0.001 |
Elevated glucose | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.87–1.17) | 0.91 (0.78–1.06) | 0.88 (0.74–1.06) | 0.93 (0.87–0.99) | 0.026 |
Elevated triglyceride | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.85–1.19) | 0.91 (0.77–1.08) | 0.77 (0.64–0.92) | 0.87 (0.81–0.92) | <0.001 |
Low HDL | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.77–1.04) | 0.80 (0.69–0.93) | 0.78 (0.65–0.92) | 0.89 (0.83–0.96) | 0.002 |
Elevated blood pressure | 1.00 | 1.18 (1.02–1.37) | 0.87 (0.72–1.04) | 0.75 (0.62–0.92) | 0.83 (0.78–0.89) | <0.001 |
Depressive symptoms | 1.00 | 0.75 (0.63–0.89) | 0.76 (0.63–0.91) | 0.68 (0.56–0.84) | 0.87 (0.81–0.93) | <0.001 |
Short sleep | 1.00 | 0.86 (0.75–0.99) | 0.77 (0.65–0.91) | 0.68 (0.58–0.80) | 0.89 (0.83–0.95) | <0.001 |
Western Pattern | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | p for Trend | p for Interaction | |
Ethnicity | 0.247 | |||||
Non–Hispanic White | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.75–1.16) | 1.29 (0.99–1.67) | 2.02 (1.43–2.87) | <0.001 | |
Non–Hispanic Black | 1.00 | 1.17 (0.87–1.57) | 1.17 (0.76–1.78) | 1.86 (1.16–2.98) | 0.104 | |
Mexican American | 1.00 | 1.22 (0.80–1.86) | 1.18 (0.72–1.93) | 1.71 (0.91–3.21) | 0.037 | |
Others | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.68–1.48) | 1.72 (1.10–2.71) | 1.40 (0.72–2.70) | 0.045 | |
Sex | 0.021 | |||||
Men | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.75–1.33) | 1.39 (1.04–1.87) | 2.05 (1.48–2.85) | <0.001 | |
Women | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.80–1.25) | 1.26 (0.91–1.76) | 1.80 (1.21–2.69) | <0.001 | |
Age group | 0.063 | |||||
20–39 | 1.00 | 1.32 (0.92–1.90) | 1.57 (1.07–2.32) | 2.50 (1.60–3.93) | 0.004 | |
40–59 | 1.00 | 0.92 (0.69–1.23) | 1.22 (0.89–1.66) | 1.68 (1.13–2.48) | <0.001 | |
60+ | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.81–1.26) | 1.53 (1.12–2.07) | 2.45 (1.40–4.27) | <0.001 | |
Ratio of family income to poverty | <0.001 | |||||
<1.30 | 1.00 | 1.10 (0.83–1.46) | 1.21 (0.89–1.66) | 1.94 (1.27–2.96) | 0.011 | |
1.3–3.5 | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.77–1.41) | 1.16 (0.86–1.56) | 1.83 (1.24–2.71) | 0.001 | |
>3.5 | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.71–1.28) | 1.41 (0.97–2.05) | 1.87 (1.13–3.07) | <0.001 | |
Education | <0.001 | |||||
<11 grade | 1.00 | 0.82 (0.57–1.19) | 1.23 (0.83–1.82) | 1.37 (0.81–2.31) | 0.044 | |
High school | 1.00 | 0.72 (0.52–1.01) | 0.98 (0.65–1.48) | 1.52 (0.92–2.51) | 0.106 | |
Some college | 1.00 | 0.89 (0.64–1.22) | 1.20 (0.84–1.73) | 1.62 (1.06–2.48) | <0.001 | |
Higher than college | 1.00 | 1.65 (1.16–2.35) | 1.93 (1.20–3.10) | 3.38 (1.90–6.04) | <0.001 | |
Leisure time physical activity (METs minutes/week) | 0.969 | |||||
<600 | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.75–1.22) | 1.19 (0.88–1.62) | 1.76 (1.16–2.69) | <0.001 | |
600–1200 | 1.00 | 1.10 (0.68–1.79) | 2.00 (1.18–3.40) | 3.02 (1.40–6.49) | 0.004 | |
≥1200 | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.74–1.31) | 1.29 (0.97–1.73) | 1.87 (1.27–2.75) | <0.001 | |
Smoking | 0.116 | |||||
Never | 1.00 | 1.08 (0.86–1.36) | 1.50 (1.12–1.99) | 2.30 (1.63–3.24) | <0.001 | |
Former | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.65–1.26) | 1.20 (0.83–1.73) | 1.60 (1.05–2.44) | <0.001 | |
Current smoker | 1.00 | 0.82 (0.54–1.26) | 1.00 (0.65–1.53) | 1.69 (0.98–2.92) | 0.362 |
Prudent Pattern | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | p for Trend | p for Interaction | |
Ethnicity | 0.003 | |||||
Non–Hispanic White | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.74–1.17) | 0.77 (0.59–1.00) | 0.63 (0.49–0.83) | <0.001 | |
Non–Hispanic Black | 1.00 | 1.15 (0.84–1.57) | 1.34 (0.98–1.83) | 1.14 (0.81–1.61) | 0.499 | |
Mexican American | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.68–1.43) | 0.82 (0.54–1.25) | 0.85 (0.53–1.37) | 0.430 | |
Others | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.58–1.57) | 0.90 (0.55–1.48) | 0.84 (0.49–1.42) | 0.170 | |
Sex | 0.078 | |||||
Men | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.72–1.20) | 0.91 (0.71–1.18) | 0.66 (0.52–0.85) | <0.001 | |
Women | 1.00 | 1.06 (0.83–1.34) | 0.79 (0.59–1.06) | 0.81 (0.60–1.08) | 0.039 | |
Age group | 0.526 | |||||
20–39 | 1.00 | 0.85 (0.59–1.23) | 0.85 (0.61–1.19) | 0.66 (0.43–1.02) | 0.018 | |
40–59 | 1.00 | 1.10 (0.84–1.45) | 0.91 (0.65–1.26) | 0.73 (0.55–0.96) | 0.004 | |
60+ | 1.00 | 0.85 (0.64–1.14) | 0.69 (0.51–0.93) | 0.64 (0.48–0.86) | <0.001 | |
Ratio of family income to poverty | 0.196 | |||||
<1.30 | 1.00 | 0.83 (0.64–1.08) | 0.88 (0.63–1.23) | 0.65 (0.45–0.94) | 0.055 | |
1.3–3.5 | 1.00 | 0.84 (0.65–1.09) | 0.84 (0.63–1.12) | 0.83 (0.59–1.17) | 0.080 | |
>3.5 | 1.00 | 1.51 (1.04–2.19) | 1.04 (0.73–1.50) | 0.83 (0.59–1.18) | <0.001 | |
Education | 0.002 | |||||
<11 grade | 1.00 | 0.81 (0.62–1.05) | 0.83 (0.63–1.11) | 0.86 (0.58–1.28) | 0.370 | |
High school | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.69–1.28) | 0.94 (0.66–1.33) | 0.97 (0.66–1.43) | 0.917 | |
Some college | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.68–1.38) | 0.96 (0.70–1.32) | 0.80 (0.61–1.07) | 0.010 | |
Higher than college | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.70–1.55) | 0.58 (0.39–0.88) | 0.46 (0.31–0.69) | <0.001 | |
Leisure time physical activity (METs minutes/week) | 0.126 | |||||
<600 | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.72–1.27) | 0.81 (0.63–1.05) | 0.79 (0.59–1.07) | 0.114 | |
600–1200 | 1.00 | 0.80 (0.50–1.26) | 0.80 (0.45–1.42) | 0.79 (0.46–1.38) | 0.482 | |
≥1200 | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.75–1.28) | 0.83 (0.63–1.10) | 0.64 (0.48–0.86) | <0.001 | |
Smoking | 0.178 | |||||
Never | 1.00 | 1.12 (0.89–1.42) | 0.88 (0.70–1.11) | 0.69 (0.53–0.90) | <0.001 | |
Former | 1.00 | 0.69 (0.49–0.98) | 0.59 (0.43–0.81) | 0.58 (0.41–0.82) | 0.004 | |
Current smoker | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.72–1.43) | 1.13 (0.75–1.71) | 1.02 (0.64–1.62) | 0.818 |
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Akbar, Z.; Shi, Z. Dietary Patterns and Circadian Syndrome among Adults Attending NHANES 2005–2016. Nutrients 2023, 15, 3396. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153396
Akbar Z, Shi Z. Dietary Patterns and Circadian Syndrome among Adults Attending NHANES 2005–2016. Nutrients. 2023; 15(15):3396. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153396
Chicago/Turabian StyleAkbar, Zoha, and Zumin Shi. 2023. "Dietary Patterns and Circadian Syndrome among Adults Attending NHANES 2005–2016" Nutrients 15, no. 15: 3396. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153396
APA StyleAkbar, Z., & Shi, Z. (2023). Dietary Patterns and Circadian Syndrome among Adults Attending NHANES 2005–2016. Nutrients, 15(15), 3396. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153396