Postbiotics in Human Health: A Narrative Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Narrow Applications of Probiotics Provide Favorable Circumstances for Postbiotics
3. Application of Postbiotics in Improving Human Health
3.1. Development History of the Concept “Postbiotics”
Concept | Date | Bacterial Strains Tested | Main Findings | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Paraprobiotics or ghost probiotics | 2009 | Multiple | The health benefits of probiotics can be achieved without the risks related to administration of a live organism. | [47] |
Paraprobiotics or ghost probiotics | 2011 | Multiple | Propose the new term “paraprobiotic” to refer to the inactivated microbial cells or cell fractions. | [48] |
Paraprobiotics or ghost probiotics | 2016 | Lactobacillus | Paraprobiotic Lactobacillus affects intestinal functionality due to the brain-gut interaction. | [49] |
Paraprobiotics or ghost probiotics | 2018 | Lactobacillus | L. paracasei MCC1849 improves resistance to common cold infections in vulnerable individuals and maintain a favorable emotional state. | [50] |
Paraprobiotics or ghost probiotics | 2018 | Multiple | Paraprobiotics could be safe alternatives to probiotics in preterm neonates. | [51] |
Paraprobiotics or ghost probiotics | 2018 | Multiple | Review the effectiveness of paraprobiotics for the prevention or treatment of virally-induced infections. | [60] |
Para-psychobiotic | 2017 | Lactobacillus | Para-psychobiotic Lactobacillus gasseri CP2305 regulates stress responses depending on specific cell component(s). | [52] |
Metabiotics | 2013 | Multiple | The concept, function and advantages of metabiotics. | [53] |
Metabiotics | 2020 | L. rhamnosus | The isolated probiotic L. rhamnosus MD 14 generated metabiotics exhibiting antigenotoxic and cytotoxic effects against colon cancer. | [54] |
Tyndallized probiotics | 2016 | L. rhamnosus | L. rhamnosus IDCC 3201 tyndallizate has potential for treating atopic dermatitis. | [57] |
Tyndallized probiotics | 2017 | Multiple | Gelatin tannate and tyndallized probiotics can be used to restore the gut barrier physiological functions and prevent dysbiosis. | [58] |
Tyndallized probiotics | 2019 | Multiple | Tyndallized bacteria and purified components confer probiotic properties. | [4] |
bacterial lysates | 2018 | Multiple | Bacterial lysates minimize the incidence of recurrent respiratory infections in children and adults when orally administrated. | [59] |
3.2. Mechanisms Driving Postbiotic Efficacy
3.2.1. Protective Modulation against Pathogens
3.2.2. Fortify the Epithelial Barrier
3.2.3. Modulation of Immune Responses
3.3. Applications of Postbiotics in Different Fields
3.3.1. Applications in the Food Industry
3.3.2. Pharmaceutical Applications
3.3.3. Biomedical Applications
3.4. Advantages of Postbiotics Compared with Probiotics
3.5. Drawbacks of Postbiotics
4. Future Development
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ma, L.; Tu, H.; Chen, T. Postbiotics in Human Health: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023, 15, 291. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020291
Ma L, Tu H, Chen T. Postbiotics in Human Health: A Narrative Review. Nutrients. 2023; 15(2):291. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020291
Chicago/Turabian StyleMa, Linxi, Huaijun Tu, and Tingtao Chen. 2023. "Postbiotics in Human Health: A Narrative Review" Nutrients 15, no. 2: 291. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020291