Are the Consumption Patterns of Sports Supplements Similar among Spanish Mountain Runners?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Type of Study
2.2. Participants and Study Sample
2.3. Instruments
2.4. Procedures
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Consumption of Sports Supplements and Information Sources
3.2. Most Consumed Sports Supplements by Sex and Competition Level
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Level of Competition | Sex | Age (Years) | Height (cm) * | Body Mass (kg) * | BMI (kg·m−2) * | Exp. (Years) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Regional (n = 239) | M (n = 178) | 37.88 ± 10.30 | 175.33 ± 6.21 | 72.03 ± 9.11 | 23.42 ± 2.55 | 5.17 ± 3.01 |
F (n = 61) | 37.20 ± 9.40 | 162.70 ± 5.66 | 56.04 ± 5.99 | 21.16 ± 1.93 | 4.36 ± 3.03 | |
National (n = 97) | M (n = 74) | 38.23 ± 11.15 | 175.86 ± 5.45 | 70.07 ± 8.29 | 22.65 ± 2.42 | 4.84 ± 2.76 |
F (n = 23) | 36.13 ± 9.79 | 163.26 ± 6.50 | 55.37 ± 5.31 | 20.79 ± 1.84 | 4.30 ± 3.14 | |
International (n = 21) | M (n = 10) | 30.8 ± 7.77 | 178 ± 8.19 | 69.8 ± 8.83 | 21.95 ± 1.79 | 3.9 ± 2.08 |
F (n = 11) | 29.45 ± 8.51 | 166 ± 5.35 | 54.36 ± 6.02 | 19.67 ± 1.24 | 2.82 ± 1.60 |
Variable | Sex | Level of Competition | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | F | R | N | I | Total | ||||||
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Med. | IQ | Mean ± SD | Med. | IQ | ||
Total SS | 7.13 ± 0.29 | 6.23 ± 0.45 | 6.43 ± 0.30 | 7.65 ± 0.45 | 8.62 ± 1.00 | 8.00 | 6 | 6.89 ± 0.25 | 6.00 | 6 | |
Group A | Sports Food | 3.68 ± 0.14 | 3.15 ± 0.23 | 3.37 ± 0.15 | 3.90 ± 0.23 | 3.81 ± 0.46 | 4.00 | 2 | 3.54 ± 0.12 | 3.00 | 3 |
Medical Supplement | 0.46 ± 0.05 | 0.66 ± 0.10 | 0.49 ± 0.06 | 0.49 ± 0.09 | 0.90 ± 0.23 | 1.00 | 2 | 0.52 ± 0.05 | 0.00 | 1 | |
Performance supplement | 0.83 ± 0.05 | 0.66 ± 0.10 | 0.67 ± 0.05 | 0.97 ± 0.09 | 1.33 ± 0.31 | 1.00 | 2 | 0.79 ± 0.05 | 1.00 | 1 | |
Total | 4.97 ± 0.18 | 4.47 ± 0.33 | 4.52 ± 0.20 | 5.36 ± 0.30 | 6.05 ± 0.66 | 6.00 | 5 | 4.84 ± 0.16 | 5.00 | 4 | |
Group B | 0.51 ± 0.05 | 0.55 ± 0.08 | 0.48 ± 0.05 | 0.60 ± 0.09 | 0.57 ± 0.19 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.52 ± 0.04 | 0.00 | 1 | |
Group C | 1.64 ± 0.12 | 1.21 ± 0.62 | 1.43 ± 0.12 | 1.67 ± 0.19 | 2.00 ± 0.47 | 1.00 | 1 | 1.53 ± 0.10 | 1.00 | 2 | |
Group D | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.02 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.00 | 0 |
Variable | Model | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Level of Competition | Sex–Level of Competition (Mean ± SD) | |||||||||||
F | p | F | p | R | N | I | F | p | |||||
M | F | M | F | M | F | ||||||||
Total SS | 1.939 | 0.165 | 4.741 | 0.009 | 6.76 ± 0.34 | 5.47 ± 0.59 | 7.69 ± 0.53 | 7.52 ± 0.96 | 9.60 ± 1.45 | 7.72 ± 1.38 | 0.466 | 0.628 | |
Group A | Sports Food | 1.850 | 0.175 | 2.978 | 0.052 | 3.56 ± 0.17 | 2.80 ± 0.29 | 3.88 ± 0.27 | 3.96 ± 0.48 | 4.30 ± 0.72 | 3.36 ± 0.69 | 0.925 | 0.398 |
Medical Supplement | 1.007 | 0.316 | 1.738 | 0.177 | 0.43 ± 0.07 | 0.66 ± 0.11 | 0.49 ± 0.10 | 0.52 ± 0.18 | 0.80 ± 0.28 | 1.00 ± 0.26 | 0.292 | 0.747 | |
Performance supplement | 1.243 | 0.266 | 9.748 | 0.000 | 0.76 ± 0.06 | 0.38 ± 0.11 | 1.00 ± 0.10 | 0.87 ± 0.18 | 0.80 ± 0.27 | 1.82 ± 0.26 | 6.314 | 0.002 | |
Total | 0.175 | 0.676 | 5.318 | 0.005 | 4.76 ± 0.23 | 3.84 ± 0.39 | 5.36 ± 0.35 | 5.35 ± 0.63 | 5.90 ± 0.96 | 6.18 ± 0.91 | 0.806 | 0.448 | |
Group B | 0.082 | 0.775 | 1.070 | 0.344 | 0.48 ± 0.06 | 0.47 ± 0.11 | 0.55 ± 0.10 | 0.74 ± 0.17 | 0.60 ± 0.26 | 0.54 ± 0.25 | 0.381 | 0.684 | |
Group C | 8.206 | 0.005 | 1.571 | 0.209 | 1.52 ± 0.14 | 1.16 ± 0.24 | 1.74 ± 0.22 | 1.43 ± 0.39 | 3.10 ± 0.59 | 1.00 ± 0.57 | 2.130 | 0.120 | |
Group D | 0.241 | 0.624 | 0.423 | 0.655 | 0.00 ± 0.01 | 0.00 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.00 ± 0.02 | 0.00 ± 0.03 | 0.00 ± 0.03 | 0.423 | 0.655 |
Category | Supplement | Total (%) | Sex (%) | Level of Competition (%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | F | p | R | N | I | p | ||||
Group A | Sport Foods | Sports drinks | 60.5 | 64.1 | 50.5 | 0.020 | 57.7 | 70.1 | 47.6 | 0.051 |
Recovery shakes | 15.7 | 11.6 | 17.2 | 0.199 | 14.6 | 16.5 | 23.8 | 0.524 | ||
Sports gel | 52.9 | 48.4 | 54.6 | 0.303 | 53.1 | 51.5 | 57.1 | 0.892 | ||
Sports confectionery | 16.0 | 17.6 | 11.6 | 0.173 | 15.5 | 15.5 | 23.8 | 0.600 | ||
Sports bars | 66.1 | 65.6 | 67.4 | 0.762 | 66.9 | 64.9 | 61.9 | 0.861 | ||
Protein bar | 29.1 | 27.9 | 32.6 | 0.381 | 29.7 | 30.9 | 14.3 | 0.296 | ||
Electrolytes | 28.6 | 29.0 | 27.4 | 0.762 | 25.9 | 32.0 | 42.9 | 0.178 | ||
Whey protein | 24.9 | 26.7 | 20.0 | 0.195 | 20.1 | 33.0 | 42.9 | 0.007 | ||
CHO Gainers | 21.8 | 24.8 | 13.7 | 0.025 | 21.3 | 24.7 | 14.3 | 0.545 | ||
Maltodextrin | 15.7 | 17.9 | 9.5 | 0.052 | 13.4 | 20.6 | 19.0 | 0.233 | ||
Medical Supplements | Iron | 12.3 | 8.0 | 24.2 | 0.000 | 11.3 | 10.3 | 33.3 | 0.010 | |
Vitamin D | 10.9 | 10.3 | 12.6 | 0.534 | 8.4 | 14.4 | 23.8 | 0.040 | ||
Multivitamin | 15.7 | 15.3 | 16.8 | 0.718 | 15.5 | 14.4 | 23.8 | 0.557 | ||
Performance Supplements | Caffeine | 46.2 | 48.1 | 41.1 | 0.238 | 42.3 | 51.5 | 66.7 | 0.046 | |
Creatine monohydrate | 19.3 | 20.6 | 15.8 | 0.308 | 14.6 | 29.9 | 23.8 | 0.005 | ||
Group B | Antioxidants Vitamin C | 13.4 | 13.7 | 12.6 | 0.786 | 11.7 | 17.5 | 14.3 | 0.365 | |
Collagen | 19.0 | 19.5 | 17.9 | 0.738 | 19.7 | 18.6 | 14.3 | 0.826 | ||
Group C | BCAA | 25.2 | 28.2 | 16.8 | 0.028 | 21.3 | 36.1 | 19.0 | 0.015 | |
Glutamine | 10.9 | 12.2 | 7.4 | 0.195 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 4.8 | 0.647 | ||
Magnesium | 29.1 | 30.2 | 26.3 | 0.481 | 32.6 | 19.6 | 33.3 | 0.053 |
Model | Variable | Comparison According to Groups | Difference in Means ± SD | p | 95% IC | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Group C | M–F | 0.92 ± 0.32 | 0.005 | 0.281 to 1.559 | ||
Level of Competition | Total SS | R–N | −1.49 ± 0.65 | 0.065 | −3.042 to 0.065 | ||
R–I | −2.55 ± 1.06 | 0.050 | −5.096 to 0.003 | ||||
N–I | −1.06 ± 1.14 | 1.000 | −3.809 to 1.693 | ||||
Group A | Performance supplements | R–N | −0.36 ± 0.12 | 0.009 | −0.656 to −0.072 | ||
R–I | −0.74 ± 0.20 | 0.001 | −1.218 to −0.259 | ||||
N–I | −0.37 ± 0.21 | 0.249 | −0.892 to 0.143 | ||||
Total | R–N | −1.06 ± 0.425 | 0.040 | −2.082 to −0.036 | |||
R–I | −1.74 ± 0.70 | 0.039 | −3.423 to −0.064 | ||||
N–I | −0.68 ± 0.75 | 1.000 | −2.497 to 1.128 | ||||
Sex–Level Competition | Group A | Performance supplements | M | R–N | −0.24 ± 0.12 | 0.152 | −0.526 to 0.054 |
R–I | −0.04 ± 0.28 | 1.000 | −0.717 to 0.645 | ||||
N–I | 0.20 ± 0.29 | 1.000 | −0.506 to 0.906 | ||||
F | R–N | −0.49 ± 0.21 | 0.060 | −1.000 to 0.015 | |||
R–I | −1.44 ± 0.28 | 0.000 | −2.121 to −0.762 | ||||
N–I | −0.95 ± 0.31 | 0.009 | −1.709 to −0.188 |
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Jiménez-Alfageme, R.; Rubio-Quintanilla, N.; Romero-García, D.; Sanchez-Oliver, A.J.; Sospedra, I.; Martínez-Sanz, J.M. Are the Consumption Patterns of Sports Supplements Similar among Spanish Mountain Runners? Nutrients 2023, 15, 262. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020262
Jiménez-Alfageme R, Rubio-Quintanilla N, Romero-García D, Sanchez-Oliver AJ, Sospedra I, Martínez-Sanz JM. Are the Consumption Patterns of Sports Supplements Similar among Spanish Mountain Runners? Nutrients. 2023; 15(2):262. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020262
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiménez-Alfageme, Rubén, Noelia Rubio-Quintanilla, David Romero-García, Antonio Jesús Sanchez-Oliver, Isabel Sospedra, and José Miguel Martínez-Sanz. 2023. "Are the Consumption Patterns of Sports Supplements Similar among Spanish Mountain Runners?" Nutrients 15, no. 2: 262. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020262