Lipidome Profiling in Childhood Obesity Compared to Adults: A Pilot Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Cohorts
2.1.1. Pediatric (PE) Cohort
2.1.2. The Adult (AD) Cohort
2.2. Ethical Statement
2.3. Serum Measurements
2.4. Lipid Extraction
2.5. Mass Spectrometry
3. Statistical Methods
3.1. Descriptive Analyses
3.2. Lipidomic Profile at 0 M and 6 M in the PE and AD Cohorts
3.3. Lipidomics Pathway Assessment
3.4. Correlation between Clinical Variables and Differentially Regulated Lipids
4. Results
4.1. PE Cohort
4.2. AD Cohort
4.3. Lipidomic Profile at 0 M and 6 M in PE and AD Cohorts
5. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pediatric (Total n = 10) | Adult (Total n = 30) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) [CI] | n (%) [CI] | |||||
Male/female sex | 7/3 (70/30) | 9/21 (33.3/66.7) | ||||
Sleeve gastrectomy | 0 (0) | 13 (43.3) [29.9; 70.1] | ||||
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass | 0 (0) | 17 (56.7) [29.9; 70.1] | ||||
mean (sd) | mean (sd) | |||||
Age (years) | 14 (2.3) | 51.2 (9.3) | ||||
Pediatric (Total n = 10) | p-Value | Adult (Total n = 30) | p-Value | |||
mean (sd) | mean (sd) | mean (sd) | mean (sd) | |||
T0 | T6 | T0 | T6 | |||
Height (cm) | 160 (10) | 160 (10) | 0.72 | 170 (10) | 170 (10) | |
Weight (kg) | 86 (21.3) | 83.5 (22.1) | 0.42 | 118.4 (23.3) | 87.9 (14.8) | <0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 111.6 (11) | 110 (14) | 0.86 | 133.8 (13.6) | 106.5 (12.4) | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) range | 34 (5.5) (27.5–43.3) | 33.1 (6.1) (25.8–42.8) | 0.36 | 43.2 (5.5) (36.5–65) | 32.1 (3.4) (25.3–42.1) | <0.001 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 88.1 (5.7) | 87.6 (4.8) | 1 | 101.1 (26.7) | 88.4 (10.5) | 0.01 |
Insulin (mUI/L) | 17.6 (7) | 16.5 (6) | 0.85 | 8.9 (7.2) | 6.7 (2.4) | 0.27 |
HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 33.3 (1.3) | 33.3 (1.3) | 0.75 | 37 (8.6) | 33.5 (3) | <0.001 |
HOMA-IR | 3.9 (1.7) | 3.5 (1.3) | 0.56 | 2.4 (2.6) | 1.5 (0.6) | 0.1 |
Urea (mg/dL) | 27.1 (4) | 27.6 (6.5) | 0.65 | 29.8 (16.3) | 30.9 (9.1) | 0.03 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.6 (0.1) | 0.7 (0.1) | 0.15 | 0.8 (0.2) | 0.7 (0.1) | 0.19 |
AST (IU/L) | 24.8 (10.2) | 24.5 (7.8) | 1 | 44.5 (18.4) | 21.2 (5.5) | 0.008 |
ALT (IU/L) | 33.1 (30.3) | 23.6 (19.6) | 0.19 | 29.4 (16.4) | 21.1 (10.3) | 0.006 |
GGT (IU/L) | 16.8 (4.0) | 16.5 (3.1) | 0.76 | 29.3 (28.7) | 21.3 (20) | <0.001 |
TG (mg/dL) | 119.4 (53.2) | 103.3 (33.6) | 0.23 | 129.8 (41) | 86.6 (25.6) | <0.001 |
LDL-c (mg/dL) | 114.9 (28.6) | 105.4 (24.2) | 0.04 | 85.9 (31.4) | 107.5 (26.6) | <0.001 |
HDL-c (mg/dL) | 43.9 (9.7) | 45.4 (8.7) | 0.39 | 37.9 (9.7) | 49 (18.3) | <0.001 |
Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 177.2 (38.6) | 171.1 (32.1) | 0.44 | 149 (38.1) | 170.1 (33.1) | 0.005 |
Total protein (g/L) | 73.4 (4.1) | 74.8 (4.5) | 0.72 | 65.2 (12.7) | 66.8 (3.9) | 0.65 |
FLI | 79.2 (16.0) | 75.7 (18.7) | 0.29 | 97.0 (2.6) | 61.5 (21.1) | <0.001 |
Expression Pattern | Subclass | Lipid Species | Clinical Variable | Correlation Coefficient | p-Value | FDR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PE (6 M-0 M) | ||||||
Upregulated | SM | SM (39:1) [M+H]1+ | Chol | 0.6848 | 0.0289 | 0.1430 |
SM (41:0) [M+H]1+ | Chol | 0.8303 | 0.0029 | 0.0410 | ||
SM (39:1) [M+H]1+ | LDL | 0.7356 | 0.0153 | 0.1046 | ||
SM (41:0) [M+H]1+ | LDL | 0.8389 | 0.0024 | 0.0365 | ||
SM (34:2) [M+H]1+ | Waist Circ. | −0.8857 | 0.0188 | 0.1108 | ||
Downregulated | O-PS | PS-O (36:1) [M+Na]1+ | BMI | 0.6833 | 0.0424 | 0.1821 |
PS-O (38:2) [M+Na]1+ | BMI | 0.6778 | 0.0448 | 0.1864 | ||
PS-O (38:4) [M+H]1+/PG-O (38:6) [M+NH4]1+ | BMI | 0.6833 | 0.0424 | 0.1821 | ||
PS-O (36:1) [M+Na]1+ | Weight | 0.7667 | 0.0159 | 0.1057 | ||
PS-O (38:2) [M+Na]1+ | Weight | 0.7448 | 0.0213 | 0.1206 | ||
PS-O (38:4) [M+H]1+/PG-O (38:6) [M+NH4]1+ | Weight | 0.7667 | 0.0159 | 0.1057 | ||
PS-O (36:2) [M+Na]1+ | Insulin | 0.6442 | 0.0444 | 0.1854 | ||
PS-O (36:1) [M+Na]1+ | Insulin | 0.6809 | 0.0302 | 0.1452 | ||
PS-O (38:4) [M+H]1+/PG-O (38:6) [M+NH4]1+ | Insulin | 0.6809 | 0.0302 | 0.1452 | ||
PS-O (38:2) [M+Na]1+ | Insulin | 0.7301 | 0.0165 | 0.1082 | ||
PS-O (38:5) [M+H]1+/PG-P (38:6) [M+NH4]1+ | Insulin | 0.6442 | 0.0444 | 0.1854 | ||
PS-O (34:0) [M+Na]1+ | Urea | −0.7150 | 0.0201 | 0.1158 | ||
PS-O (36:1) [M+Na]1+ | Urea | −0.7256 | 0.0175 | 0.1108 | ||
PS-O (36:2) [M+Na]1+ | Urea | −0.8923 | 0.0005 | 0.0131 | ||
PS-O (36:3) [M+H]1+/PG-O (36:5) [M+NH4]1+ | Urea | −0.7323 | 0.0160 | 0.1057 | ||
PS-O (36:3) [M+Na]1+ | Urea | −0.7330 | 0.0159 | 0.1057 | ||
PS-O (38:2) [M+Na]1+ | Urea | −0.9354 | 0.0001 | 0.0030 | ||
PS-O (38:4) [M+H]1+/PG-O (38:6) [M+NH4]1+ | Urea | −0.7256 | 0.0175 | 0.1108 | ||
PS-O (38:5) [M+H]1+/PG-P (38:6) [M+NH4]1+ | Urea | −0.8923 | 0.0005 | 0.0131 | ||
PS-O (38:6) [M+H]1+ | Urea | −0.7330 | 0.0159 | 0.1057 | ||
PS-O (36:3) [M+Na]1+ | Creatinine | −0.6507 | 0.0416 | 0.1806 | ||
PS-O (38:6) [M+H]1+ | Creatinine | −0.6507 | 0.0416 | 0.1806 | ||
PS-O (38:5) [M+Na]1+ | TG | −0.6868 | 0.0283 | 0.1413 | ||
PS-O (38:5) [M+Na]1+ | Total Protein | −0.7254 | 0.0176 | 0.1108 | ||
PS-O (40:4) [M+Na]1+ | Total Protein | −0.9179 | 0.0002 | 0.0060 | ||
PS-O (40:6) [M+Na]1+ | Total Protein | −0.7720 | 0.0089 | 0.0707 | ||
PS-P (42:2) [M+H]1+ | Total Protein | −0.9179 | 0.0002 | 0.0060 | ||
PS | PS (38:2) [M+Na]1+ | BMI | 0.7000 | 0.0358 | 0.1639 | |
PS (38:2) [M+Na]1+ | Urea | −0.7561 | 0.0114 | 0.0868 | ||
PS (38:4) [M+Na]1+ | ALT | −0.7241 | 0.0274 | 0.1383 | ||
PS (40:7) [M+H]1+/PG (40:9) [M+NH4]1+ | ALT | −0.7241 | 0.0274 | 0.1383 | ||
PS (38:4) [M+Na]1+ | Chol | −0.6659 | 0.0356 | 0.1637 | ||
PS (40:7) [M+H]1+/PG (40:9) [M+NH4]1+ | Chol | −0.6659 | 0.0356 | 0.1637 | ||
PS (38:4) [M+Na]1+ | Creatinine | −0.7393 | 0.0146 | 0.1008 | ||
PS (40:7) [M+H]1+/PG (40:9) [M+NH4]1+ | Creatinine | −0.7393 | 0.0146 | 0.1008 | ||
PS (38:4) [M+Na]1+ | TG | −0.7847 | 0.0072 | 0.0622 | ||
PS (40:7) [M+H]1+/PG (40:9) [M+NH4]1+ | TG | −0.7847 | 0.0072 | 0.0622 | ||
DG | DG (36:6) [M+H-H2O]1+ | Insulin | 0.7128 | 0.0207 | 0.1183 | |
DG (36:6) [M+H-H2O]1+ | Weight | 0.7120 | 0.0314 | 0.1503 | ||
DG (36:6) [M+H-H2O]1+ | Urea | −0.8655 | 0.0012 | 0.0250 | ||
PG | PG (44:0) [M+H]1+ | BMI | 0.6832 | 0.0425 | 0.1821 | |
PG (44:0) [M+H]1+ | ALT | −0.7250 | 0.0271 | 0.1383 | ||
AD (6 M-0 M) | ||||||
Upregulated | PC | PC (35:3) [M+H]1+/PE (38:3) [M+H]1+/PA (40:4) [M+NH4]1+ | Chol | 0.4921 | 0.0057 | 0.1558 |
PC (35:3) [M+H]1+/PE (38:3) [M+H]1+/PA (40:4) [M+NH4]1+ | LDL | 0.4179 | 0.0215 | 0.3750 | ||
PC (35:3) [M+H]1+/PE (38:3) [M+H]1+/PA (40:4) [M+NH4]1+ | HDL | 0.5692 | 0.0010 | 0.0444 | ||
PC (37:2) [M+H]1+/PE (40:2) [M+H]1+/PA (42:3) [M+NH4]1+ | HDL | 0.3649 | 0.0474 | 0.4911 | ||
PC (37:3) [M+H]1+/PE (40:3) [M+H]1+/PA (42:4) [M+NH4]1+ | HDL | 0.4472 | 0.0132 | 0.2858 | ||
PC (40:5) [M+H]1+ | AST | 0.5091 | 0.0041 | 0.1205 | ||
PC (40:5) [M+H]1+ | ALT | 0.5356 | 0.0023 | 0.0810 | ||
PC (42:7) [M+H]1+ | ALT | 0.3622 | 0.0492 | 0.4937 | ||
PC (42:8) [M+H]1+ | ALT | 0.4208 | 0.0206 | 0.3748 | ||
PC (42:7) [M+H]1+ | Total Protein | −0.4093 | 0.0247 | 0.3793 | ||
Downregulated | TG | TG (53:2) [M+Na]1+ | Insulin | 0.3706 | 0.0438 | 0.4694 |
TG (53:2) [M+Na]1+ | TG | 0.8158 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | ||
TG (53:2) [M+Na]1+ | Total Protein | 0.3971 | 0.0298 | 0.3994 | ||
TG (53:2) [M+Na]1+ | Urea | 0.3921 | 0.0321 | 0.4096 | ||
TG (54:2) [M+Na]1+ | HbA1c | −0.4011 | 0.0280 | 0.3857 | ||
PG | PG (44:0) [M+Na]1+ | HOMA.IR | 0.3814 | 0.0376 | 0.4559 |
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Soria-Gondek, A.; Fernández-García, P.; González, L.; Reyes-Farias, M.; Murillo, M.; Valls, A.; Real, N.; Pellitero, S.; Tarascó, J.; Jenkins, B.; et al. Lipidome Profiling in Childhood Obesity Compared to Adults: A Pilot Study. Nutrients 2023, 15, 3341. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153341
Soria-Gondek A, Fernández-García P, González L, Reyes-Farias M, Murillo M, Valls A, Real N, Pellitero S, Tarascó J, Jenkins B, et al. Lipidome Profiling in Childhood Obesity Compared to Adults: A Pilot Study. Nutrients. 2023; 15(15):3341. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153341
Chicago/Turabian StyleSoria-Gondek, Andrea, Pablo Fernández-García, Lorena González, Marjorie Reyes-Farias, Marta Murillo, Aina Valls, Nativitat Real, Silvia Pellitero, Jordi Tarascó, Benjamin Jenkins, and et al. 2023. "Lipidome Profiling in Childhood Obesity Compared to Adults: A Pilot Study" Nutrients 15, no. 15: 3341. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153341