Changes in Sugar Sweetened Beverage Intake Are Associated with Changes in Body Composition in Mexican Adolescents: Findings from the ELEMENT Cohort
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Dietary Assessment
2.3. Anthropometric Measurements
2.4. Covariates
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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n (%) | Median, IQR | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | 0.008 | ||
Male | 219 (47.20) | 342.86, 462.86 | |
Female | 245 (52.80) | 268.57, 377.14 | |
Age (years) | 0.024 | ||
9 to <13 | 153 (32.97) | 265.71, 365.71 | |
13 to <16 | 156 (33.62) | 322.86, 461.43 | |
≥16 | 155 (33.41) | 320.00, 497.14 | |
Maternal Education (years) | |||
≤9 | 174 (37.50) | 342.86, 400.00 | 0.0001 |
10 to <12 | 59 (12.72) | 474.29, 634.29 | |
12 | 159 (34.27) | 291.43, 437.14 | |
>12 | 72 (15.52) | 171.43, 268.57 | |
Socioeconomic Status | 0.021 | ||
Higher | 92 (19.83) | 240.00, 442.86 | |
Medium | 146 (31.47) | 282.86, 462.86 | |
Lower | 226 (48.71) | 340.00, 420.00 | |
Physical Activity (min/day) | |||
Q1, 15.48 to 53.24 | 116 (25.00) | 322.86, 434.29 | 0.723 |
Q2, 53.6 to 69.51 | 116 (25.00) | 291.43, 437.14 | |
Q3, 70.14 to 90.57 | 116 (25.00) | 305.71, 514.29 | |
Q4, 90.65 to 216.3 | 116 (25.00) | 297.14, 397.14 | |
Screen Time (h/wk) | |||
Q1, 1 to 23 | 119 (25.65) | 257.14, 351.43 | 0.004 |
Q2, >23 to 34 | 119 (25.65) | 302.86, 462.86 | |
Q3, >34 to 48 | 110 (23.71) | 320.00, 565.71 | |
Q4, >48 to 108.5 | 116 (25.00) | 342.86, 485.71 |
BMI Change | Body Fat Percent Change | Waist Circumference Change (cm) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | p-Value | Mean ± SD | p-Value | Mean ± SD | p-Value | |
Sex | ||||||
Male | 1.05 ± 1.86 | 0.035 * | −0.96 ± 5.37 | <0.001 * | 4.86 ± 5.59 | <0.001 * |
Female | 1.4 ± 1.66 | 2.34 ± 3.88 | 7.29 ± 5.2 | |||
Baseline Age (years) | 0.021 * | 0.011 * | 0.094 | |||
9 to <13 | 1.55 ± 1.66 | 0.17 ± 5.76 | 6.83 ± 5.32 | |||
13 to <16 | 1.01 ± 1.85 | 0.42 ± 4.8 | 5.47 ± 5.59 | |||
>16 | 1.74 ± 3.95 | 6.13 ± 5.59 | ||||
Maternal Education (years) | 0.752 | 0.426 | 0.396 | |||
9 or less | 1.35 ± 1.79 | 1.18 ± 4.74 | 6.65 ± 5.66 | |||
10 to <12 | 1.17 ± 1.83 | 0.09 ± 5.4 | 5.99 ± 5.35 | |||
12 | 1.14 ± 1.71 | 0.53 ± 4.63 | 5.62 ± 5.36 | |||
>12 | 1.23 ± 1.78 | 0.92 ± 5.56 | 6.18 ± 5.64 | |||
Socioeconomic Status | 0.355 | 0.203 | 0.144 | |||
Higher | 1.21 ± 1.61 | 1.07 ± 4.7 | 6.24 ± 5.19 | |||
Medium | 1.08 ± 1.82 | 0.18 ± 5.26 | 5.42 ± 5.69 | |||
Lower | 1.35 ± 1.78 | 1.05 ± 4.78 | 6.57 ± 5.5 | |||
Physical Activity (min/day) | 0.128 | 0.450 | 0.339 | |||
Q1, 15.48 to 53.24 | 1.2 ± 1.65 | 1.17 ± 4.5 | 5.7 ± 5.56 | |||
Q2, 53.6 to 69.51 | 1.15 ± 1.69 | 1.08 ± 4.43 | 6.26 ± 5.3 | |||
Q3, 70.14 to 90.57 | 1.04 ± 1.82 | 0.61 ± 4.95 | 5.74 ± 5.79 | |||
Q4, 90.65 to 216.3 | 1.56 ± 1.86 | 0.25 ± 5.73 | 6.86 ± 5.39 | |||
Screen Time (hrs/wk) | 0.592 | 0.550 | 0.402 | |||
Q1, 1 to 23 | 1.33 ± 1.41 | 1.1 ± 4.55 | 6.67 ± 5.1 | |||
Q2, >23 to 34 | 1.36 ± 1.92 | 1.04 ± 5.35 | 6.45 ± 5.78 | |||
Q3, >34 to 48 | 1.11 ± 1.87 | 0.67 ± 5.21 | 5.74 ± 5.48 | |||
Q4, >48 to 108.5 | 1.14 ± 1.83 | 0.27 ± 4.57 | 5.66 ± 5.68 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
---|---|---|---|
β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | |
Body Mass Index Change | |||
Decrease ≥480 mL | −0.44 (−0.72, 0.25) | 0.16 (−0.45, 0.78) | 0.14 (−0.47, 0.76) |
Decrease 240 to <480 mL | −0.24 (−0.72, 0.25) | 0.22 (−0.35, 0.78) | 0.17 (−0.4, 0.74) |
Decrease <240 mL | −0.17 (−0.59, 0.25) | 0.36 | 0.29 (−0.28, 0.85) |
No change to increase <240 mL | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Increase 240 to <480 mL | 0.14 (−0.49, 0.78) | 0.55 (−0.19, 1.29) | 0.47 (−0.27, 1.22) |
Increase ≥480 mL | 0.03 (−0.68, 0.74) | 0.45 (−0.36, 1.25) | 0.42 (−0.39, 1.22) |
p-trend | 0.063 | 0.089 | 0.139 |
Body Fat Percent Change | |||
Decrease ≥480 mL | −1.63 * (−3.17, −0.07) | 0.85 (−0.76, 2.45) | 0.73 (−0.88, 2.33) |
Decrease 240 to <480 mL | −0.79 (−2.15, 0.56) | 1.01 (−0.47, 2.49) | 0.77 (−0.73, 2.26) |
Decrease <240 mL | −0.44 (−1.62, 0.73) | 1.39 (−0.06, 2.85) | 1.10 (−0.37, 2.58) |
No change to increase <240 mL | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Increase 240 to <480 mL | 0.69 (−1.08, 2.46) | 2.01 * (0.06, 3.94) | 1.76 (−0.18, 3.7) |
Increase ≥480 mL | 1.19 (−0.8, 3.17) | 2.71 * (0.59, 4.82) | 2.72 * (0.61, 4.82) |
p-trend | 0.002 * | 0.004 * | 0.008 * |
Waist Circumference Change | |||
Decrease ≥480 mL | −1.81 * (−3.53, −0.07) | 0.19 (−1.69, 2.07) | 0.12 (−1.76, 2.00) |
Decrease 240 to <480 mL | −1.46 (−2.98, 0.05) | 0.98 (−0.76, 2.71) | 0.84 (−0.9, 2.59) |
Decrease <240 mL | −0.54 (−1.85, 0.78) | 1.39 (−0.31, 3.10) | 1.18 (−0.55, 2.91) |
No change to increase <240 mL | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Increase 240 to <480 mL | 1.17 (−0.81, 3.15) | 2.72 * (0.45, 4.98) | 2.49 * (0.21, 4.76) |
Increase ≥480 mL | −0.24 (−2.46, 1.98) | 1.43 (−1.04, 3.89) | 1.34 (−1.12, 3.80) |
p-trend | 0.006 * | 0.012 * | 0.023 * |
Early Puberty (n = 148) | Mid Puberty (n = 223) | Post Puberty (n = 93) | |
---|---|---|---|
β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | |
Body Mass Index Change | |||
Decrease ≥480 mL | 0.51 (−0.79, 1.8) | −0.36 (−1.25, 0.53) | 0.40 (−0.84, 1.63) |
Decrease 240 to <480 mL | 0.19 (−1.04, 1.41) | −0.02 (−0.82, 0.79) | 0.79 (−0.36, 1.95) |
Decrease <240 mL | 0.70 (−0.48, 1.88) | 0.05 (−0.75, 0.86) | 0.40 (−0.84, 1.65) |
No change to increase <240 mL | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Increase 240 to <480 mL | 0.71 (−0.86, 2.27) | 0.13 (−0.9, 1.15) | 1.58 (−0.02, 3.18) |
Increase ≥480 mL | 1.09 (−0.63, 2.81) | 0.31 (−1.04, 1.66) | 0.09 (−1.29, 1.48) |
p-trend | 0.146 | 0.405 | 0.545 |
Body Fat Percent Change | |||
Decrease ≥480 mL | 2.67 (−0.88, 6.21) | −1.05 (−3.05, 0.95) | 1.65 (−0.79, 4.09) |
Decrease 240 to <480 mL | 2.90 (−0.45, 6.24) | −0.60 (−2.4, 1.21) | 2.13 (−0.16, 4.42) |
Decrease <240 mL | 3.11 (−0.13, 6.34) | 0.71 (−1.08, 2.51) | 1.59 (−0.87, 4.06) |
No change to increase <240 mL | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Increase 240 to <480 mL | 4.72 * (0.43, 8.99) | −0.35 (−2.64, 1.95) | 5.63 * (2.45, 8.80) |
Increase ≥480 mL | 4.90 * (0.19, 9.60) | 1.45 (−1.56, 4.47) | 2.62 (−0.12, 5.35) |
p-trend | 0.029 * | 0.159 | 0.014 * |
Waist Circumference Change | |||
Decrease ≥480 mL | 1.40 (−2.59, 5.38) | −1.40 (−4.07, 1.27) | 1.30 (−2.74, 5.34) |
Decrease 240 to <480 mL | 1.60 (−2.17, 5.36) | −0.23 (−2.64, 2.18) | 2.84 (−0.94, 6.63) |
Decrease <240 mL | 2.54 (−1.1, 6.18) | −0.12 (−2.53, 2.28) | 2.62 (−1.45, 6.68) |
No change to increase <240 mL | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Increase 240 to <480 mL | 3.94 (−0.87, 8.75) | 0.61 (−2.46, 3.68) | 6.51 * (1.26, 11.76) |
Increase ≥480 mL | 2.79 (−2.49, 8.08) | 0.35 (−3.68, 4.38) | 1.86 (−2.66, 6.39) |
p-trend | 0.073 | 0.434 | 0.109 |
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English, L.; Carmona, Y.R.; Peterson, K.E.; Jansen, E.C.; Téllez Rojo, M.M.; Torres Olascoaga, L.; Cantoral, A. Changes in Sugar Sweetened Beverage Intake Are Associated with Changes in Body Composition in Mexican Adolescents: Findings from the ELEMENT Cohort. Nutrients 2022, 14, 719. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030719
English L, Carmona YR, Peterson KE, Jansen EC, Téllez Rojo MM, Torres Olascoaga L, Cantoral A. Changes in Sugar Sweetened Beverage Intake Are Associated with Changes in Body Composition in Mexican Adolescents: Findings from the ELEMENT Cohort. Nutrients. 2022; 14(3):719. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030719
Chicago/Turabian StyleEnglish, Lindsey, Yanelli R. Carmona, Karen E. Peterson, Erica C. Jansen, Martha María Téllez Rojo, Libni Torres Olascoaga, and Alejandra Cantoral. 2022. "Changes in Sugar Sweetened Beverage Intake Are Associated with Changes in Body Composition in Mexican Adolescents: Findings from the ELEMENT Cohort" Nutrients 14, no. 3: 719. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030719
APA StyleEnglish, L., Carmona, Y. R., Peterson, K. E., Jansen, E. C., Téllez Rojo, M. M., Torres Olascoaga, L., & Cantoral, A. (2022). Changes in Sugar Sweetened Beverage Intake Are Associated with Changes in Body Composition in Mexican Adolescents: Findings from the ELEMENT Cohort. Nutrients, 14(3), 719. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030719