The Impact of a ‘Remotely-Delivered’ Sports Nutrition Education Program on Dietary Intake and Nutrition Knowledge of Junior Elite Triathletes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Study Overview
2.3. Sports Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire (SNKQ)
2.4. Dietary Intake Assessment
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participants Characteristics
3.2. Sports Nutrition Knowledge
3.3. Dietary Intake
3.4. Relationship between Nutrition Knowledge and Dietary Intake
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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(Mean ± SD) | |
Age | 18.9 ± 1.6 |
Yeas of competing in Triathlon | 5 ± 1.8 |
Weekly training hours | 19.2 ± 3.6 |
Gender [n, (%)] | |
Female | 9 (50%) |
Male | 9 (50%) |
Country of birth [n, (%)] | |
Australia | 16 (88%) |
Zimbabwe | 1 (6%) |
South Africa | 1 (6%) |
Level of competition [n, (%)] | |
World Triathlon | 8 (45%) |
Oceania Triathlon | 4 (22%) |
National Triathlon | 6 (30%) |
Previous nutrition education [n, (%)] | |
Individual sports dietitian consultation | 11 (61%) |
Group education session | 13 (72%) |
None | 3 (17%) |
Sections (No. of Questions) | Pre-Program Scores | Post-Program Scores | p-Value | Effect Size |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nutrients (43) | 27.5 ± 5.7; 64.0% | 30.9 ± 6.0; 71.9% | 0.010 | 0.6 |
Hydration (9) | 6.3 ± 1.3; 69.8% | 7.5 ± 0.9; 83.3% | 0.001 | 1.1 |
Training nutrition (24) | 15.1 ± 1.8; 62.8% | 17.7 ± 2.0; 73.8% | 0.001 | 1.4 |
Supplements (7) | 3.9 ± 1.5; 56.1% | 4.6 ± 1.4; 65.3% | 0.168 | 0.4 |
Total (83) | 52.8 ± 8.3; 63.6% | 60.7 ± 8.8; 73.1% | 0.000 | 0.9 |
Nutrient Intake | Combined PRE (n = 18) | Combined POST (n = 18) | Male PRE (n = 9) | Male POST (n = 9) | Female PRE (n = 9) | Female POST (n = 9) | Light Training Days (n = 18) | Heavy Training Days (n = 18) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Energy (kJ/day) | 14,298 ± 3578 | 14,436 ± 3622 | 15,972 ± 2958 a | 16,258 ± 2115 a | 12,624 ± 3487 | 12,614 ± 3993 | 12,708 ± 3232 b | 16,028 ± 4553 |
CHO (g/day) | 376 ± 105 | 393 ± 108 | 428 ± 79 a | 442 ± 78 | 323 ± 105 | 344 ± 116 | 330 ± 107 b | 423 ± 136 |
Protein (g/day) | 164 ± 43 | 157 ± 40 | 174 ± 46 | 173 ± 33 | 154 ± 40 | 140 ± 41 | 147 ± 39 b | 177 ± 54 |
Fat (g/day) | 131 ± 39 | 132 ± 43 | 149 ± 35 a | 152 ± 37 a | 113 ± 36 | 112 ± 40 | 122 ± 30 b | 149 ± 51 |
Calcium(mg/day) | 1445 ± 554 | 1699 ± 560 * | 1689 ± 589 | 1924 ± 556 | 1201 ± 413 | 1473 ± 493 | N/A | N/A |
Iron (mg/day) | 20 ± 6 | 20 ± 6 | 23 ± 6 a | 21 ± 6 | 17 ± 4 | 18 ± 7 | N/A | N/A |
Food Groups | Recommendations (Serves per Day) | Food Group Intake (Serves per Day) | Percent Meeting Age Appropriate AGHE Recommendations (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-program | Post-program | Pre-program | Post-program | ||
Fruit | ≥2 (all ages) | 1.9 ± 0.9 | 2.7 ± 1.5 * | 50% (n = 9) | 72% (n = 13) |
Vegetable | ≥5.5 (16–18 y) ≥5 (19 y+) | 4.6 ± 1.8 | 4.6 ± 2.1 | 33% (n = 6) | 33% (n = 6) |
Grain | ≥7 (16–18 y) ≥6 (19 y+) | 7.9 ± 2.0 | 8.6 ± 2.5 | 72% (n = 13) | 83% (n = 15) |
Meat and alternatives | ≥2.5 (16–18 y; 19 y+ female)≥3 (19 y+ male) | 3.8 ± 1.1 | 3.3 ± 1.1 | 94% (n = 17) | 77% (n = 14) |
Milk and alternatives | ≥3.5 (16–18 y) ≥2.5 (19 y+) | 2.8 ± 1.3 | 3.5 ± 1.2 ** | 55% (n = 10) | 61% (n = 11) |
Discretionary | 0–2.5 (16 y+ female) 0–5 (16–18 y male) 0–3 (19 y+ male) | 3.8 ± 2.3 | 3.5 ± 2.0 | 39% (n = 7) | 44% (n = 8) |
Sports Products | N/A | 0.7 ± 0.6 | 0.7 ± 0.8 | N/A | N/A |
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Tan, X.; Rogers, N.; Brown, N.; MacDonald, M.; Bowler, A.-L.; Cox, G.R. The Impact of a ‘Remotely-Delivered’ Sports Nutrition Education Program on Dietary Intake and Nutrition Knowledge of Junior Elite Triathletes. Nutrients 2022, 14, 5203. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14245203
Tan X, Rogers N, Brown N, MacDonald M, Bowler A-L, Cox GR. The Impact of a ‘Remotely-Delivered’ Sports Nutrition Education Program on Dietary Intake and Nutrition Knowledge of Junior Elite Triathletes. Nutrients. 2022; 14(24):5203. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14245203
Chicago/Turabian StyleTan, Xuedan, Natalie Rogers, Nancy Brown, Melanie MacDonald, Amy-Lee Bowler, and Gregory R. Cox. 2022. "The Impact of a ‘Remotely-Delivered’ Sports Nutrition Education Program on Dietary Intake and Nutrition Knowledge of Junior Elite Triathletes" Nutrients 14, no. 24: 5203. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14245203
APA StyleTan, X., Rogers, N., Brown, N., MacDonald, M., Bowler, A. -L., & Cox, G. R. (2022). The Impact of a ‘Remotely-Delivered’ Sports Nutrition Education Program on Dietary Intake and Nutrition Knowledge of Junior Elite Triathletes. Nutrients, 14(24), 5203. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14245203