The Influence of Family History of Type 2 Diabetes on Metabolism during Submaximal Aerobic Exercise and in the Recovery Period in Postmenopausal Women
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Protocol Overview
2.3. Anthropometrics and Body Composition
2.4. Indirect Calorimetry
2.5. Diet
2.6. Maximal Aerobic Capacity
2.7. Submaximal Exercise Testing
2.8. Blood Sampling
2.9. Biochemistry
2.10. Breath Sampling
2.11. Sources of Fat Oxidation
2.12. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Population
3.2. Primary Outcome: Expired & Plasmatic 13C-Palmitate
3.3. Secondary Outcomes: Blood Metabolites during Submaximal Exercise
3.4. Submaximal Exercise Parameters
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Control (n = 10) | FDR (n = 9) | |
---|---|---|
Age (years) | 67.7 ± 4.7 | 67.6 ± 4.2 |
Height (m) | 1.60 ± 0.07 | 1.58 ± 0.06 |
Weight (kg) | 65.3 ± 6.4 | 65.6 ± 9.9 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.6 ± 2.2 | 26.3 ± 4.2 |
Waist Circumference (cm) | 101.9 ± 20.8 | 97.5 ± 8.8 |
Fat-free mass (kg) | 36.4 ± 3.2 | 38.2 ± 4.6 |
Fat mass (kg) | 26.4 ± 5.5 | 25.5 ± 5.4 |
Fat mass (%) | 41.8 ± 5.5 | 39.8 ± 4.7 |
Resting vital signs & metabolism | ||
Resting Heart Rate (bpm) | 62.4 ± 8.0 | 62.89 ± 2.62 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 121.5 ± 6.6 | 122.7 ± 13.9 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 75.0 ± 6.0 | 73.7 ± 7.6 |
Resting metabolic rate (kcal/day) | 1099.5 ± 120.4 | 1151.1 ± 248.3 |
Fasting blood samples | ||
Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 4.68 ± 0.46 | 4.57 ± 0.49 |
Fasting insulin (pmol/L) | 36.67 ± 8.96 | 67.13 ± 43.30 |
HbA1c (%) | 5.65 ± 0.26 | 5.47 ± 0.23 |
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.94 ± 0.49 | 1.62 ± 0.42 |
LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.55 ± 1.02 | 3.63 ± 0.78 |
Total Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 6.00 ± 1.06 | 5.82 ± 1.06 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.13 ± 0.46 | 1.26 ± 0.60 |
Maximal aerobic capacity | ||
Absolute V̇O2 peak (L/min) | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.2 |
Relative V̇O2 peak (ml/kg/min) | 18.7 ± 3.8 | 20.4 ± 2.7 |
Peak Power Output (W) | 94.0 ± 21.7 | 95.6 ± 15.9 |
Peak Heart Rate (bpm) | 153.6 ± 15.6 | 149.9 ± 9.5 |
Pre-Exercise | Stage 1 | Stage 2 | Stage 3 | Stage 4 | Stage 5 | Stage 6 | Stage 7 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Glucose (mmol/L) | Control | 5.19 ± 1.02 | 5.42 ± 0.86 | 5.46 ± 0.68 | 5.36 ± 0.67 | 5.31 ± 0.61 | 5.01 ± 0.43 | 5.49 ± 0.92 | 5.26 ± 0.51 |
FDR | 5.71 ± 0.81 | 5.89 ± 1.02 | 6.00 ± 0.92 | 5.44 ± 0.75 | 5.46 ± 0.96 | 5.54 ± 0.92 | 5.41 ± 1.01 | 5.68 ± 0.81 | |
Lactate (mmol/L) a,b | Control | 1.30 ± 0.29 | 2.29 ± 0.68 | 3.02 ± 1.20 | 3.43 ± 0.94 | 4.01 ± 1.15 | 4.53 ± 1.21 | 5.70 ± 1.51 | 6.49 ± 1.30 |
FDR | 1.55 ± 0.69 | 2.11 ± 0.57 | 2.86 ± 0.88 | 3.05 ± 0.73 | 3.66 ± 1.39 | 4.30 ± 1.59 | 4.92 ± 1.62 | 5.91 ± 2.18 | |
NEFA (mmol/L) | Control | 0.37 ± 0.14 | 0.36 ± 0.17 | 0.41 ± 0.24 | 0.39 ± 0.19 | 0.31 ± 0.07 | 0.37 ± 0.14 | 0.36 ± 0.09 | 0.38 ± 0.08 |
FDR | 0.40 ± 0.22 | 0.47 ± 0.26 | 0.35 ± 0.19 | 0.4 ± 0.27 | 0.41 ± 0.18 | 0.40 ± 0.18 | 0.47 ± 0.24 | 0.46 ± 0.21 | |
Glycerol (μmol/L) a | Control | 80.31 ± 30.48 | 77.14 ± 20.73 | 90.81 ± 29.13 | 112.56 ± 40.70 | 98.65 ± 13.25 | - | 154.66 ± 28.57 | 157.22 ± 13.95 |
FDR | 89.14 ± 46.53 | 99.12 ± 53.79 | 97.11 ± 43.24 | 99.61 ± 56.68 | 111.25 ± 58.32 | 107.57 ± 42.65 | 152.62 ± 78.65 | 171.19 ± 71.99 |
Stage 1 | Stage 2 | Stage 3 | Stage 4 | Stage 5 | Stage 6 | Stage 7 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Heart Rate Reserve (%) a,b | Control | 56.3 ± 12.4 | 64.0 ± 12.7 | 70.9 ± 12.0 | 78.9 ± 12.3 | 85.8 ± 12.0 | 89.2 ± 8.0 | 95.0 ± 6.5 |
FDR | 41.5 ± 8.7 | 48.8 ± 8.6 | 55.9 ± 10.0 | 64.7 ± 10.4 | 70.6 ± 10.3 | 78.0 ± 9.3 | 83.2 ± 9.9 | |
Perceived exertion a | Control | 2.0 ± 1.0 | 2.5 ± 1.3 | 3.3 ± 1.7 | 3.2 ± 1.3 | 3.9 ± 1.1 | 3.9 ± 0.7 | 4.8 ± 1.1 |
FDR | 1.4 ± 0.8 | 2.0 ± 1.4 | 2.1 ± 0.9 | 2.7 ± 0.8 | 3.3 ± 1.2 | 3.9 ± 1.2 | 4.3 ± 1.1 | |
V̇O2 (L/min) a | Control | 0.88 ± 0.13 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.93 ± 0.23 | 1.02 ± 0.28 | 1.14 ± 0.31 | 1.2 ± 0.35 | 1.36 ± 0.34 |
FDR | 0.89 ± 0.13 | 0.91 ± 0.14 | 0.95 ± 0.12 | 1.01 ± 0.12 | 1.05 ± 0.15 | 1.1 ± 0.17 | 1.13 ± 0.16 | |
V̇CO2 (L/min) a | Control | 0.87 ± 0.09 | 0.90 ± 0.17 | 0.93 ± 0.21 | 1.05 ± 0.26 | 1.17 ± 0.28 | 1.35 ± 0.26 | 1.41 ± 0.26 |
FDR | 0.83 ± 0.14 | 0.88 ± 0.15 | 0.93 ± 0.14 | 1.01 ± 0.13 | 1.06 ± 0.16 | 1.13 ± 0.18 | 1.20 ± 0.18 |
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Lagacé, J.-C.; Paquin, J.; Tremblay, R.; St-Martin, P.; Tessier, D.; Plourde, M.; Riesco, E.; Dionne, I.J. The Influence of Family History of Type 2 Diabetes on Metabolism during Submaximal Aerobic Exercise and in the Recovery Period in Postmenopausal Women. Nutrients 2022, 14, 4638. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214638
Lagacé J-C, Paquin J, Tremblay R, St-Martin P, Tessier D, Plourde M, Riesco E, Dionne IJ. The Influence of Family History of Type 2 Diabetes on Metabolism during Submaximal Aerobic Exercise and in the Recovery Period in Postmenopausal Women. Nutrients. 2022; 14(21):4638. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214638
Chicago/Turabian StyleLagacé, Jean-Christophe, Jasmine Paquin, Renaud Tremblay, Philippe St-Martin, Daniel Tessier, Mélanie Plourde, Eléonor Riesco, and Isabelle J. Dionne. 2022. "The Influence of Family History of Type 2 Diabetes on Metabolism during Submaximal Aerobic Exercise and in the Recovery Period in Postmenopausal Women" Nutrients 14, no. 21: 4638. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214638