Association between High-Fat Diet during Pregnancy and Heart Weight of the Offspring: A Multivariate and Mediation Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animal Model
2.2. Extraction of the Placenta and Heart Tissue
2.3. Fetal Sex Determination
2.4. RNA Extraction and Quantitative Real-Time PCR
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Procedure for the Construction of Animal Models and General Condition of Offspring
3.2. Analysis of Factors Influencing the Effect of a High-Fat Diet on the Heart Weight of Fetal Mice
3.3. Analysis of the Mediating Effect of a High-Fat Diet during Pregnancy on the Heart Weight of the Offspring
3.4. Subgroup Analysis of the Effect of Sex on the Effect of a High-Fat Diet during Pregnancy on HW/BW in the Offspring
3.5. Effect of a High-Fat Diet on the Expression of Key Indicators of the Fetal Heart in the Offspring
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NN (n = 22) | NH (n = 29) | HN (n = 21) | HH (n = 25) | χ2/F | p Value | |
Gender Female Male | ||||||
10 (45.45%) | 16 (55.17%) | 9 (42.86%) | 11 (44.00%) | 1.03 | 0.7950 | |
12 (54.55%) | 13 (44.83%) | 12 (57.14%) | 14 (56.00%) | |||
Body Weight (g) | 1.31 ± 0.09 | 1.12 ± 0.13 * | 1.08 ± 0.10 * | 0.96 ± 0.39 * | 40.77 | <0.0001 |
Heart weight (mg) | 9.00 ± 1.00 | 9.00 ± 2.00 | 7.00 ± 1.00 *# | 8.00 ± 1.00 | 16.89 | 0.0007 |
HW/BW (mg/g) | 6.83 ± 1.35 | 8.02 ± 1.04 *△ | 6.85 ± 0.63 | 8.58 ± 1.43 *△ | 13.42 | <0.0001 |
Placenta weight (mg) | 93.50 ± 21.00 | 89.10 ± 9.79 | 101.00 ± 12.00 # | 89.28 ± 14.49 △ | 17.68 | 0.0005 |
PW/BW (mg/g) | 73.66 ± 13.01 | 80.53 ± 6.75 | 97.68 ± 15.92 *# | 97.01 ± 25.57 *# | 26.68 | <0.0001 |
Heart Weight (M ± Q) | χ2 | p-Value | HW/BW | t/F Value | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | ||||||
Female | 8.00 ± 3.00 | 0.01 | 0.9795 | 7.54 ± 1.46 | 0.79 | 0.4296 |
Male | 8.00 ± 2.00 | 7.76 ± 1.26 | ||||
High-Fat During Pregnancy | ||||||
Yes | 8.00 ± 2.00 | 5.01 | 0.0251 | 8.28 ± 1.25 | −6.05 | <0.0001 |
No | 8.00 ± 2.00 | 6.84 ± 1.05 | ||||
Obesity | ||||||
Yes | 8.00 ± 1.00 | 10.61 | 0.0011 | 7.79 ± 1.42 | −1.03 | 0.3054 |
No | 9.00 ± 2.00 | 7.50 ± 1.31 | ||||
High-fat diet time | ||||||
None | 9.00 ± 1.00 | 16.88 | 0.0007 | 6.83 ± 1.35 | ||
Short | 9.00 ± 2.00 | 8.02 ± 1.04 | 13.42 | <0.0001 | ||
Medium | 7.00 ± 1.00 | 6.85 ± 0.63 | ||||
Long | 8.00 ± 1.00 | 8.58 ± 1.43 | ||||
Placenta weight | ||||||
Light | 8.00 ± 2.00 | 0.51 | 0.4732 | 7.71 ± 1.41 | 0.52 | 0.6063 |
Heavy | 8.00 ± 3.00 | 7.57 ± 1.34 | ||||
PW/BW | ||||||
Light | 9.00 ± 2.00 | 15.11 | 0.0001 | 7.49 ± 1.29 | −1.08 | 0.2844 |
Heavy | 8.00 ± 1.00 | 7.79 ± 1.44 |
Univariate Linear Regression Analysis | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
β | S.E | t Value | p-Value | |
Model 1 | ||||
Obesity | 0.2863 | 0.2778 | 1.03 | 0.3054 |
Model 2 | ||||
High-fat diet time | 0.4094 | 0.1192 | 3.44 | 0.0009 |
Model 3 | ||||
High fat during pregnancy | 1.4436 | 0.2386 | 6.05 | <0.0001 |
Model 4 | ||||
Placenta weight | −0.0177 | 0.0090 | −1.96 | 0.0525 |
Model 5 | ||||
Fetal weight | −2.9170 | 0.6841 | −4.26 | <0.0001 |
Stepwise linear regression model | ||||
Model Total | β | S.E | F | p value |
Fetal weight | −1.6525 | 0.6738 | 6.02 | 0.0160 |
High fat during pregnancy | 1.1967 | 0.2534 | 22.30 | <0.0001 |
Model 1 X (High-Fat Diet) M (Fetal Weight) Y(Heart Weight) | Model 2 X(High-Fat Diet) M (Fetal Weight) Y(HW/BW) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Effect Coefficient | 95% CI | Effect Coefficient | 95% CI | |
Indirect effect | −0.8648 | (−1.3583, −0.4318) | 0.2469 | (0.0155, 0.5125) |
Direct effect | 1.4247 | (0.8560, 1.9933) | 1.1967 | (0.6936, 1.6997) |
Total effect | 0.5599 | (−0.0995, 1.2193) | 1.4436 | (0.9700, 1.9172) |
Proportion of suppression/mediated effect | 60.70% | 17.10% |
Factor | Mean Square | F Value | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
NH | 29.88 | 12.97 | 0.0008 |
Gender | 8.02 | 3.48 | 0.0683 |
NH*Gender | 10.36 | 4.49 | 0.0393 |
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Wang, W.; Huo, Y.; Zhang, J.; Xu, D.; Bai, F.; Gui, Y. Association between High-Fat Diet during Pregnancy and Heart Weight of the Offspring: A Multivariate and Mediation Analysis. Nutrients 2022, 14, 4237. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14204237
Wang W, Huo Y, Zhang J, Xu D, Bai F, Gui Y. Association between High-Fat Diet during Pregnancy and Heart Weight of the Offspring: A Multivariate and Mediation Analysis. Nutrients. 2022; 14(20):4237. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14204237
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Wenji, Yu Huo, Jialing Zhang, Da Xu, Fan Bai, and Yonghao Gui. 2022. "Association between High-Fat Diet during Pregnancy and Heart Weight of the Offspring: A Multivariate and Mediation Analysis" Nutrients 14, no. 20: 4237. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14204237