Labels Affect Food Choices, but in What Ways?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Participants
2.2. Stimulus Material
2.3. Procedure
3. Results
3.1. Participants Excluded
3.2. Descriptive Statistics
3.3. Inferential Statistics
3.4. Questions
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix B
Category | Product | kcal per 100 g | Sugar in g per 100 g | HFL Category | Nutri-Score Category | Sugar Label Category |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
beverage | apple juice | 46 | 10 | orange | C | red |
lemonade | 1 | 0 | green | B | green | |
coke | 42.4 | 10.6 | red | E | red | |
still water (Evian) | 0 | 0 | green | A | green | |
iced tea | 28 | 7 | red | D | red | |
sparkling water | 0 | 0 | green | A | green | |
multivitamin juice | 59 | 12 | red | D | red | |
orange juice | 44 | 9 | orange | C | red | |
lemonade (Orangina) | 38 | 8.9 | red | E | red | |
soft drink (Rivella Red) | 36 | 9 | red | E | red | |
apple spritzer | 28 | 6 | red | D | orange | |
bread | wholegrain cracker (Blévita blau) | 463 | 2.5 | orange | C | green |
plaited loaf | 305 | 4 | orange | C | orange | |
wreath bread | 264 | 3 | green | B | orange | |
crispbread (Microc) | 389 | 7 | orange | C | orange | |
pumpernickel | 201 | 6.9 | green | B | orange | |
rice cake | 384 | 0.5 | green | A | green | |
dark bread | 238 | 3 | green | B | orange | |
toast | 257 | 4 | green | B | orange | |
dark twisted bread | 266 | 2.5 | green | A | green | |
rusk | 424 | 16 | orange | C | red | |
meat | bratwurst | 237 | 1 | red | D | green |
chipolata | 233 | 0.5 | red | D | green | |
minced meat | 189 | 1 | green | B | green | |
burger patties | 235 | 1 | orange | C | green | |
chicken | 175 | 1 | orange | C | green | |
chicken breast | 102 | 1 | green | A | green | |
beef strips | 130 | 1 | green | A | green | |
beef steak | 119 | 1 | green | A | green | |
pork chops | 131 | 1 | green | B | green | |
dairy | brie | 288 | 0.5 | red | D | green |
eggs | 142 | 0.3 | green | A | green | |
Emmentaler | 397 | 0.1 | red | D | green | |
grated cheese (Grana Padano) | 386 | 0.5 | red | D | green | |
Gruyère | 405 | 0.1 | red | D | green | |
cheese noodles | 272 | 2 | orange | C | green | |
mozzarella | 264 | 1 | orange | C | green | |
ricotta | 169 | 4 | orange | C | orange | |
semi-skimmed milk | 57.4 | 5 | green | B | orange | |
Tilsiter | 385 | 0.5 | red | D | green | |
whole milk | 66.4 | 5 | green | B | orange | |
cream | 337 | 3 | red | D | orange | |
veggie | apples | 55 | 11.6 | green | A | orange |
bananas | 95 | 17.2 | green | A | red | |
mushrooms | 22 | 0.3 | green | A | green | |
iceberg lettuce | 16 | 1.6 | green | A | green | |
cucumber | 13 | 1.9 | green | A | green | |
carrots | 38 | 6.4 | green | A | orange | |
potatoes | 76 | 0.7 | green | A | green | |
butterhead lettuce | 14 | 1 | green | A | green | |
red bell peppers | 32 | 5.1 | green | A | orange | |
tomatoes | 21 | 3.2 | green | A | orange | |
grapes | 69 | 15 | green | A | red | |
lemons | 22 | 2.5 | green | A | green | |
Pasta (and rice) | basmati rice | 356 | 0.5 | green | A | green |
carbonara sauce | 166 | 2.5 | red | D | green | |
gnocchi | 321 | 10 | orange | C | orange | |
macaroni | 361 | 2.5 | green | A | green | |
jasmine rice | 355 | 0.5 | green | A | green | |
penne rigate | 361 | 2.5 | green | A | green | |
pesto | 523 | 0.8 | red | D | green | |
risotto | 348 | 0.5 | green | A | green | |
spaghetti | 352 | 2.5 | green | A | green | |
spaetzle | 165 | 0.6 | green | B | green | |
fusilli | 361 | 2.5 | green | A | green | |
tomato sauce | 61.5 | 7 | green | A | orange | |
tortellini | 209 | 2 | green | B | green | |
wild rice | 362 | 0.5 | green | A | green | |
snacks | cracker | 519 | 6 | red | D | orange |
peanuts | 185 | 1.6 | green | A | green | |
almonds | 601 | 3.7 | green | A | orange | |
potato chips salted | 552 | 0.8 | orange | C | green | |
olives | 231 | 0 | orange | C | green | |
red pepper potato chips | 544 | 5 | orange | C | orange | |
pistachios | 611 | 6.3 | orange | C | orange | |
potato chips (Pombären) | 513 | 1.2 | red | D | green | |
salted sticks | 373 | 1 | orange | C | green | |
sweets | chocolate bar (Branches) | 541 | 54 | red | E | red |
gummy bears | 343 | 45.6 | red | D | red | |
raspberry roulade | 346 | 38 | red | D | red | |
chocolate bar (Kinderriegel) | 564 | 53.3 | red | E | red | |
madeleines | 480 | 27 | red | D | red | |
marble cake | 408 | 24 | red | D | red | |
marshmallows | 324 | 65 | red | D | red | |
milk chocolate | 555 | 50 | red | E | red | |
nut chocolate | 541 | 9 | red | D | orange | |
nut stick cookies | 466 | 34 | red | D | red | |
butter cookies (Petit Beurre) | 471 | 22 | red | D | red | |
chocolate cake | 465 | 29 | red | D | red | |
dark chocolate | 541 | 0.7 | red | D | green | |
marmalade cookies | 489 | 32 | red | E | red | |
caramel bites (Toffifee) | 516 | 48.5 | red | E | red | |
jelly gum (Trolli Bizzl) | 334 | 58 | red | D | red | |
frozen | mini wraps | 265 | 2.5 | red | D | green |
lasagna | 151 | 2.5 | green | B | green | |
mini pies | 341 | 1.5 | red | D | green | |
pizza baguette | 214 | 3.4 | red | D | orange | |
pizza | 226 | 3 | orange | C | orange | |
pizza with ham | 222 | 3 | orange | C | orange | |
ham puffs | 278 | 2.6 | red | D | orange |
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Condition | Control (N = 69) | Nutri-Score (N = 65) | HFL (N = 70) | Manga (N = 79) | Comic (N = 71) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outcome measure | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | |
Total | ||||||
Number of products | 37.3 (17.0) | 45.73 (17.0) | 43.23 (15.2) | 42.93 (15.4) | 46.53 (17.3) | |
Number of healthy products | 19.73 (8.4) | 26.1 (8.4) | 25.6 (6.9) | 24.5 (6.9) | 26.1 (8.1) | |
FSA score | 714.5 (363.6) | 849.4 (359.0) | 785.1 (341.3) | 793.0 (336.8) | 868.5 (371.2) | |
Calories | 8791.2 (4797.9) | 10,891.0 (4766.4) | 10,031.8 (4517.2) | 10,123.1 (4332.8) | 11,044.5 (4827.9) | |
Sugar | 273.1 (182.4) | 312.7 (168.6) | 281.0 (154.6) | 262.7 (158.6) | 283.7 (162.0) | |
Mean | ||||||
FSA score | 18.8 (2.1) | 18.3 (1.7) | 17.7 (2.2) | 18.1 (1.9) | 18.3 (1.9) | |
Calories | 228.8 (28.4) | 233.0 (29.5) | 224.4 (37.8) | 231.4 (28.4) | 231.5 (28.4) | |
Sugar | 6.8 (2.2) | 6.6 (2.1) | 6.2 (2.1) | 5.8 (2.2) | 5.8 (2.0) |
Outcome Measure | ANOVA Across Categories F(4, 349) | “No Label vs. Label” Contrast across Categories t(349) | Sign. Tukey-adj. Post Hoc Tests between “No Label” and “Any Other Label” t(349) | Sign. “No Label vs. Label” Contrast within Food Categories t(349) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | |||||
Number of products | 3.39 ** (η2 = 0.04) | 3.32 *** | Nutri-Score, Comic | bread, dairy, veggie, pasta | |
Number of healthy products | 8.62 *** (η2 = 0.09) | 5.72 *** | Nutri-Score, HFL, Manga, Comic | all (but sweets) | |
FSA score | 2.02 . (η2 = 0.02) | 2.30 * | bread, dairy, veggie, pasta | ||
Calories | 2.56 * (η2 = 0.03) | 2.78 * | Comic | bread, dairy, veggie, pasta | |
Sugar | 0.88 | 0.54 | |||
Mean | |||||
FSA score | 3.03 * (η2 = 0.03) | −2.76 ** | HFL | N/A | |
Calories | 0.76 | 0.29 | N/A | ||
Sugar | 3.27 * (η2 = 0.04) | −2.45 * | Manga, Comic | N/A |
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Kühne, S.J.; Reijnen, E.; Granja, G.; Hansen, R.S. Labels Affect Food Choices, but in What Ways? Nutrients 2022, 14, 3204. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153204
Kühne SJ, Reijnen E, Granja G, Hansen RS. Labels Affect Food Choices, but in What Ways? Nutrients. 2022; 14(15):3204. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153204
Chicago/Turabian StyleKühne, Swen J., Ester Reijnen, Gracinda Granja, and Rachel S. Hansen. 2022. "Labels Affect Food Choices, but in What Ways?" Nutrients 14, no. 15: 3204. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153204
APA StyleKühne, S. J., Reijnen, E., Granja, G., & Hansen, R. S. (2022). Labels Affect Food Choices, but in What Ways? Nutrients, 14(15), 3204. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153204