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Nutrients
Volume 13
Issue 9
10.3390/nu13093294
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Article

Development of Visceral and Subcutaneous-Abdominal Adipose Tissue in Breastfed Infants during First Year of Lactation

by
Zoya Gridneva
1,*,
Alethea Rea
2,
Ching Tat Lai
1,
Wan Jun Tie
1,
Sambavi Kugananthan
1,
Kevin Murray
3,
Peter E. Hartmann
1 and
Donna T. Geddes
1
1
School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
2
Mathematics and Statistics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
3
School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nutrients 2021, 13(9), 3294; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093294
Submission received: 31 August 2021 / Revised: 17 September 2021 / Accepted: 18 September 2021 / Published: 21 September 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Lifestyle, and Breastfeeding: Potential Benefits for Maternal and Offspring Health)
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Abstract

This study aimed to investigate relationships between infant abdominal visceral and subcutaneous adiposity and human milk (HM) components and maternal body composition (BC) during first year of lactation. Subcutaneous-abdominal depth (SAD), subcutaneous-abdominal fat area (SFA), visceral depth (VD) and preperitoneal fat area of 20 breastfed infants were assessed at 2, 5, 9 and 12 months using ultrasound. Maternal BC was determined with bioimpedance spectroscopy. HM macronutrients and bioactive components concentrations and infant 24-h milk intake were measured and calculated daily intakes (CDI) determined. Maternal adiposity associated with infant SFA (negatively at 2, 5, 12, positively at 9 months, all overall p < 0.05). 24-h milk intake positively associated with infant SAD (p = 0.007) and VD (p = 0.013). CDI of total protein (p = 0.013), total carbohydrates (p = 0.004) and lactose (p = 0.013) positively associated with SFA. Lactoferrin concentration associated with infant VD (negatively at 2, 12, positively at 5, 9 months, overall p = 0.003). CDI of HM components and maternal adiposity have differential effects on development of infant visceral and subcutaneous abdominal adiposity. Maintaining healthy maternal BC and continuing breastfeeding to 12 months and beyond may facilitate favourable BC development reducing risk of obesity.
Keywords: visceral fat; subcutaneous-abdominal fat; abdominal adiposity; human milk; lactation; infants; body composition; intake; macronutrients; obesity visceral fat; subcutaneous-abdominal fat; abdominal adiposity; human milk; lactation; infants; body composition; intake; macronutrients; obesity

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MDPI and ACS Style

Gridneva, Z.; Rea, A.; Lai, C.T.; Tie, W.J.; Kugananthan, S.; Murray, K.; Hartmann, P.E.; Geddes, D.T. Development of Visceral and Subcutaneous-Abdominal Adipose Tissue in Breastfed Infants during First Year of Lactation. Nutrients 2021, 13, 3294. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093294

AMA Style

Gridneva Z, Rea A, Lai CT, Tie WJ, Kugananthan S, Murray K, Hartmann PE, Geddes DT. Development of Visceral and Subcutaneous-Abdominal Adipose Tissue in Breastfed Infants during First Year of Lactation. Nutrients. 2021; 13(9):3294. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093294

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gridneva, Zoya, Alethea Rea, Ching Tat Lai, Wan Jun Tie, Sambavi Kugananthan, Kevin Murray, Peter E. Hartmann, and Donna T. Geddes. 2021. "Development of Visceral and Subcutaneous-Abdominal Adipose Tissue in Breastfed Infants during First Year of Lactation" Nutrients 13, no. 9: 3294. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093294

APA Style

Gridneva, Z., Rea, A., Lai, C. T., Tie, W. J., Kugananthan, S., Murray, K., Hartmann, P. E., & Geddes, D. T. (2021). Development of Visceral and Subcutaneous-Abdominal Adipose Tissue in Breastfed Infants during First Year of Lactation. Nutrients, 13(9), 3294. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093294

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