Effects of Individual Dietary Intervention on Nutrient Intake in Postpartum Japanese Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Intervention
2.4. Data Collection
2.5. Outcomes
2.6. Variables
2.7. Ethical Considerations
2.8. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Comparison of Dietary Intake at 1 and 3 Months Postpartum between the Two Groups
3.2. Comparison of Nutrient Intake at 6 Months Postpartum
3.3. Comparison of Food Group Consumption at 6 Months Postpartum
3.4. Comparison of Weight Changes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Intervention Group (n = 139) | Control Group (n = 121) | p | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD or n (%) | Mean ± SD or n (%) | |||||
Age [year] | 35.4 | ±4.7 | 35.2 | ±4.5 | 0.694 † | |
Parity: Primiparae [n (%)] | 83 | (59.7) | 76 | (62.7) | 0.609 | |
Education level [n (%)] | ||||||
High school | 9 | (6.5) | 9 | (7.4) | 0.680 | |
Junior or technical college | 36 | (25.9) | 34 | (28.1) | ||
University or above | 94 | (67.6) | 78 | (64.4) | ||
Annual household income [n (%)] | ||||||
< 5 million Japanese yen | 19 | (13.6) | 11 | (9.1) | 0.475 | |
5–9 million Japanese yen | 52 | (37.4) | 54 | (44.6) | ||
> 9 million Japanese yen | 68 | (48.9) | 56 | (46.3) | ||
Height [cm] | 158.7 | ±5.5 | 158.7 | ±5.5 | 0.750 † | |
Pre-pregnancy weight [kg] | 52.2 | ±7.6 | 52.1 | ±7.6 | 0.966 † | |
Gestational weight gain [kg] | 9.6 | ±3.3 | 9.6 | ±3.2 | 0.974 † | |
Weight at 1 month postpartum [kg] | 54.6 | ±7.3 | 54.1 | ±7.2 | 0.642 † | |
BMI at 1 month postpartum [kg/m2] | 21.6 | ±2.5 | 21.4 | ±2.5 | 0.485 † | |
Underweight (BMI < 18.5) [n (%)] | 6 | (4.3) | 8 | (6.6) | 0.677 | |
Normal (18.5 ≤ BMI < 25.0) [n (%)] | 121 | (87.7) | 105 | (86.8) | ||
Overweight / Obesity (BMI > 25.0) [n (%)] | 11 | (8.0) | 8 | (6.6) | ||
Regular supplement usage [n (%)] | 54 | (38.8) | 50 | (41.3) | 0.685 | |
Folic acid supplements [n (%)] | 30 | (21.6) | 22 | (18.2) | 0.542 | |
Multivitamins [n (%)] | 10 | (7.2) | 11 | (9.1) | 0.697 | |
Vitamin C supplements [n (%)] | 10 | (7.2) | 4 | (3.3) | 0.673 | |
Iron supplements [n (%)] | 28 | (20.1) | 27 | (22.3) | 0.987 | |
Breastfeeding [n (%)] | 132 | (95.0) | 118 | (97.5) | 0.346 ‡ | |
Birth weight (infant) [g] | 2948 | ±373 | 3034 | ±373 | 0.064 † |
Intervention Group (n = 139) | Control Group (n = 121) | p | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median (Interquartile Range) | Median (Interquartile Range) | |||||
Energy [kcal/day] | 1703 | (1443–1995) | 1868 | (1558–2109) | 0.090 | |
Protein [% energy] | 15 | (14–17) | 15 | (14–17) | 0.845 | |
Fat [% energy] | 29 | (25–33) | 29 | (26–31) | 0.709 | |
Omega-3 PUFA [% energy] | 1.3 | (1.1–1.5) | 1.2 | (1.0–1.5) | 0.297 | |
EPA [% energy] | 0.13 | (0.09–0.18) | 0.12 | (0.08–0.18) | 0.425 | |
DHA [% energy] | 0.22 | (0.16–0.30) | 0.21 | (0.16–0.30) | 0.607 | |
Omega-6 PUFA [% energy] | 5.2 | (4.6–6.1) | 5.3 | (4.5–5.9) | 0.935 | |
Hydrocarbonate [% energy] | 54 | (50–59) | 55 | (51–59) | 0.445 | |
Total dietary fiber [g/1000 kcal] | 6.8 | (5.9–8.1) | 6.8 | (5.7–8.2) | 0.968 | |
Sodium [mg/1000 kcal] | 2125 | (1875–2483) | 2115 | (1816–2435) | 0.740 | |
Potassium [mg/1000 kcal] | 1393 | (1151–1644) | 1389 | (1185–1619) | 0.827 | |
Calcium [mg/1000 kcal] | 307 | (247–380) | 328 | (263–396) | 0.328 | |
Magnesium [mg/1000 kcal] | 132 | (115–155) | 133 | (116–154) | 0.760 | |
Phosphorus [mg/1000 kcal] | 572 | (507–666) | 583 | (526–655) | 0.692 | |
Iron [mg/1000 kcal] | 4.3 | (3.6–4.9) | 4.2 | (3.7–5.0) | 0.861 | |
Zinc [mg/1000 kcal] | 4.6 | (4.2–5.0) | 4.6 | (4.2–5.0) | 0.743 | |
Vitamin D [μg/1000 kcal] | 6.2 | (4.7–9.2) | 6.0 | (4.3–8.5) | 0.359 | |
α-tocopherol [mg/1000 kcal] | 4.3 | (3.8–4.9) | 4.2 | (3.8–4.9) | 0.878 | |
Vitamin B6 [mg/1000 kcal] | 0.7 | (0.6–0.8) | 0.7 | (0.6–0.8) | 0.464 | |
Vitamin B12 [μg/1000 kcal] | 4.3 | (3.2–6.0) | 4.2 | (3.3–5.8) | 0.956 | |
Folate [μg/1000 kcal] | 177 | (139–216) | 172 | (141–223) | 0.821 | |
Vitamin C [mg/1000 kcal] | 60 | (45–75) | 61 | (47–78) | 0.494 | |
β-carotene [μg/1000 kcal] | 2069 | (1447–2746) | 1982 | (1225–2692) | 0.529 |
Intervention Group (n = 139) | Control Group (n = 121) | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median (Interquartile range) | Median (Interquartile range) | ||||
Cereals [g/1000kcal] | 215 | (170–266) | 209 | (170–247) | 0.306 |
Pulses [g/1000kcal] | 33 | (20–54) | 39 | (23–53) | 0.348 |
Potatoes [g/1000kcal] | 28 | (14–38) | 27 | (14–39) | 0.753 |
Sugar [g/1000kcal] | 2.3 | (1.3–3.2) | 2.1 | (1.3–3.1) | 0.831 |
Confectioneries [g/1000kcal] | 25 | (15–38) | 29 | (17–44) | 0.068 |
Oil [g/1000kcal] | 5.5 | (4.0–7.3) | 5.5 | (3.9–6.9) | 0.671 |
Fruits [g/1000kcal] | 59 | (32–86) | 65 | (33–96) | 0.357 |
Green and yellow vegetables [g/1000kcal] | 70 | (50–94) | 68 | (50–95) | 0.982 |
Other vegetables [g/1000kcal] | 82 | (64–111) | 83 | (62–106) | 0.798 |
Fish and shellfish [g/1000kcal] | 36 | (25–46) | 34 | (22–48) | 0.433 |
Meat [g/1000kcal] | 41 | (31–51) | 38 | (32–46) | 0.117 |
Eggs [g/1000kcal] | 16 | (11–28) | 22 | (13–30) | 0.039 |
Dairy products [g/1000kcal] | 87 | (43–129) | 94 | (43–138) | 0.582 |
Nutrient Intake at 6 Months Postpartum | Changes in Nutrient Intake from 1 Month to 6 Months Postpartum | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intervention Group (n = 100) | Control Group (n = 94) | p | Intervention Group (n = 100) | Control Group (n = 94) | p | ||||||
Median (Interquartile Range) | Median (Interquartile Range) | Median (Interquartile Range) | Median (Interquartile Range) | ||||||||
Energy [kcal/day] | 1678 | (1357–2007) | 1679 | (1441–1924) | 0.894 | −77 | (−366–189) | −142 | (−397–105) | 0.417 | |
Protein [% energy] | 16 | (14–18) | 15 | (14–16) | 0.036 | 0.6 | (−0.9–2.5) | 0.1 | (−1.4–1.6) | 0.160 | |
Fat [% energy] | 28 | (25–32) | 29 | (25–32) | 0.943 | 0.2 | (−4.1–3.2) | 0.5 | (−3.9–3.8) | 0.848 | |
Omega-3 PUFA [% energy] | 1.3 | (1.0–1.5) | 1.2 | (1.0–1.4) | 0.177 | 0.1 | (−0.2–0.3) | 0.0 | (−0.2–0.3) | 0.452 | |
EPA [% energy] | 0.13 | (0.09–0.20) | 0.12 | (0.09–0.15) | 0.169 | 0.00 | (−0.04–0.06) | 0.01 | (−0.04–0.04) | 0.611 | |
DHA [% energy] | 0.22 | (0.16–0.33) | 0.21 | (0.16–0.26) | 0.145 | 0.00 | (−0.08–0.11) | 0.00 | (−0.07–0.06) | 0.450 | |
Omega-6 PUFA [% energy] | 5.2 | (4.4–6.1) | 5.5 | (4.8–6.0) | 0.444 | 0.1 | (-0.7–0.9) | 0.1 | (−0.7–1.0) | 0.963 | |
Hydrocarbonate [% energy] | 54 | (49–58) | 56 | (51–60) | 0.289 | −1 | (−5–4) | −1 | (−5–4) | 0.784 | |
Total dietary fiber [g/1000 kcal] | 7.3 | (6.1–8.4) | 6.6 | (5.8–7.9) | 0.022 | 0.0 | (−0.8–0.8) | 0.0 | (−1.2–1.0) | 0.039 | |
Sodium [mg/1000 kcal] | 2149 | (1822–2452) | 2127 | (1744–2457) | 0.718 | −3 | (−315–321) | 18 | (−336–285) | 0.529 | |
Potassium [mg/1000 kcal] | 1456 | (1191–1703) | 1329 | (1149–1559) | 0.049 | 57 | (−177–268) | 9 | (−247–218) | 0.098 | |
Calcium [mg/1000 kcal] | 326 | (258–402) | 297 | (247–364) | 0.074 | 6 | (−52–73) | −8 | (−70–43) | 0.088 | |
Magnesium [mg/1000 kcal] | 141 | (121–160) | 130 | (116–150) | 0.046 | 9 | (−8–24) | 0 | (−16–17) | 0.052 | |
Phosphorus [mg/1000 kcal] | 596 | (539–669) | 566 | (510–630) | 0.024 | 13 | (−40–96) | −10 | (−80–60) | 0.056 | |
Iron [mg/1000 kcal] | 4.4 | (3.7–5.3) | 4.1 | (3.7–4.8) | 0.072 | 0.2 | (−0.5–0.8) | −0.1 | (−0.9–0.5) | 0.040 | |
Zinc [mg/1000 kcal] | 4.7 | (4.4–5.2) | 4.5 | (4.2–4.8) | 0.020 | 0.1 | (−0.3–0.5) | −0.1 | (−0.4–0.3) | 0.053 | |
Vitamin D [μg/1000 kcal] | 6.1 | (4.4–10.4) | 5.7 | (4.2–8.4) | 0.171 | 0.0 | (−1.8–2.0) | 0.0 | (−1.7–2.0) | 0.650 | |
α-tocopherol [mg/1000 kcal] | 4.2 | (3.6–4.9) | 4.2 | (3.8–4.7) | 0.806 | 0.1 | (−0.6–0.7) | 0.1 | (−0.7–0.7) | 0.632 | |
Vitamin B6 [mg/1000 kcal] | 0.7 | (0.6–0.8) | 0.7 | (0.6 - 0.8) | 0.022 | 0.0 | (−0.1–0.1) | 0.0 | (−0.1–0.1) | 0.293 | |
Vitamin B12 [μg/1000 kcal] | 4.4 | (3.2–6.1) | 4.1 | (3.3–5.4) | 0.321 | 0.1 | (−1.4–1.2) | −0.4 | (−1.4–1.2) | 0.553 | |
Folate [μg/1000 kcal] | 185 | (141–228) | 172 | (148–206) | 0.258 | 11 | (−33–50) | 2 | (−48–33) | 0.172 | |
Vitamin C [mg/1000 kcal] | 59 | (45–79) | 58 | (46–67) | 0.279 | 1 | (−10–19) | 1 | (−18–11) | 0.201 | |
β-carotene [μg/1000 kcal] | 2037 | (1561–3016) | 1805 | (1330–2530) | 0.047 | 217 | (−584–882) | 28 | (−682–651) | 0.292 |
Food Consumption at 6 Months Postpartum | Changes in Food Consumption from 1 Month to 6 Months Postpartum | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intervention Group (n = 100) | Control Group (n = 94) | p | Intervention Group (n = 100) | Control Group (n = 94) | p | |||||
Median (Interquartile Range) | Median (Interquartile Range) | Median (Interquartile Range) | Median (Interquartile Range) | |||||||
Cereals [g/1000kcal] | 215 | (174–253) | 206 | (168–254) | 0.596 | −1 | (−45–34) | 3 | (−48–48) | 0.692 |
Pulses [g/1000kcal] | 37 | (24–55) | 39 | (21–56) | 0.820 | 5 | (−7–17) | 1 | (−11–12) | 0.182 |
Potatoes [g/1000kcal] | 30 | (15–42) | 27 | (13–38) | 0.460 | 1 | (−12–13) | 1 | (−14–16) | 0.914 |
Sugar [g/1000kcal] | 1.8 | (1.1–2.6) | 1.9 | (1.1–2.9) | 0.784 | −0.2 | (−1.4–0.8) | −1.1 | (−0.1–0.8) | 0.978 |
Confectioneries [g/1000kcal] | 24 | (14–36) | 33 | (23–45) | 0.002 | 1 | (−10–13) | 2 | (−10–14) | 0.732 |
Oil [g/1000kcal] | 5.6 | (4.4–7.4) | 6.1 | (4.7–7.3) | 0.457 | 0.2 | (−1.6–1.8) | 0.5 | (−1.8–2.1) | 0.541 |
Fruits [g/1000kcal] | 55 | (31–88) | 49 | (29–83) | 0.551 | −6 | (−28 –16) | −12 | (−41–16) | 0.258 |
Green and yellow vegetables [g/1000kcal] | 64 | (44–92) | 59 | (41–85) | 0.143 | −2 | (−23–21) | −5 | (−33–17) | 0.249 |
Other vegetables [g/1000kcal] | 86 | (66–119) | 80 | (55–108) | 0.156 | 6 | (−15–30) | 0 | (−29–26) | 0.278 |
Fish and shellfish [g/1000kcal] | 35 | (24–59) | 33 | (24–44) | 0.257 | 1 | (−13–15) | 0 | (−12–12) | 0.677 |
Meat [g/1000kcal] | 40 | (32–51) | 41 | (30–53) | 0.850 | 1 | (−13–8) | 1 | (−11–16) | 0.217 |
Eggs [g/1000kcal] | 19 | (12–28) | 15 | (7–28) | 0.094 | 1 | (−5–9) | −2 | (−12–3) | 0.001 |
Dairy products [g/1000kcal] | 87 | (47–137) | 87 | (45–118) | 0.455 | 3 | (−34–37) | 0 | (−49–28) | 0.526 |
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Shiraishi, M.; Matsuzaki, M.; Tsunematsu, R.; Watanabe, S.; Kobayashi, R.; Haruna, M. Effects of Individual Dietary Intervention on Nutrient Intake in Postpartum Japanese Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2021, 13, 3272. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093272
Shiraishi M, Matsuzaki M, Tsunematsu R, Watanabe S, Kobayashi R, Haruna M. Effects of Individual Dietary Intervention on Nutrient Intake in Postpartum Japanese Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients. 2021; 13(9):3272. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093272
Chicago/Turabian StyleShiraishi, Mie, Masayo Matsuzaki, Rina Tsunematsu, Sachi Watanabe, Risa Kobayashi, and Megumi Haruna. 2021. "Effects of Individual Dietary Intervention on Nutrient Intake in Postpartum Japanese Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial" Nutrients 13, no. 9: 3272. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093272