Who We Seek and What We Eat? Sources of Food Choice Inspirations and Their Associations with Adult Dietary Patterns before and during the COVID-19 Lockdown in New Zealand
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The COVID Kai Survey and the Number of Participants in This Study
2.2. Sources for Food- and Cooking-Related Advice and Reasons for Recipe Selection
2.3. Dietary Patterns before and during the Lockdown
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Participants
3.2. Sources Sought of Food- and Cooking-Related Advice
3.3. Reasons for Recipes Selection
3.4. Inspiration Sources of Food- and Cooking-Related Advice and Dietary Patterns before and during the Lockdown
3.5. Recipe Selection and Dietary Patterns before and during the Lockdown
4. Discussion
4.1. Summary of Findings
4.2. Comparison of Findings in Relation to Previous Studies
4.3. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusion
Implications for Future Research and Practice
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Number (%) Influenced before the Lockdown | Number (%) Influenced during the Lockdown | Number (%) Who Became Influenced during the Lockdown | Number (%) Who Dropped Influence during the Lockdown | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Family and friends | 1059 (35.3) | 854 (28.5) | 136 (4.5) | 341 (11.4) |
Female (n = 2654) | 943 (35.5) | 761 (28.7) | 123 (4.6) | 305 (11.5) |
Male (n = 312) | 112 (35.9) | 91 (29.2) | 13 (4.2) | 34 (10.9) |
Nutrition and health experts | 1521 (50.8) | 1161 (38.7) | 97 (3.2) | 457 (15.3) |
Female (n = 2654) | 1374 (51.8) | 1029 (38.8) | 84 (3.2) | 429 (16.2) |
Male (n = 312) | 131 (42.0) | 114 (36.5) | 11 (3.5) | 28 (9.0) |
Celebrity cooks | 115 (3.8) | 155 (5.2) | 75 (2.5) | 35 (1.2) |
Female (n = 2654) | 106 (4.0) | 143 (2.8) | 68 (2.6) | 31 (1.2) |
Male (n = 312) | 9 (2.9) | 12 (3.9) | 7 (2.2) | 4 (1.3) |
Food influencers | 304 (10.1) | 292 (9.7) | 92 (3.1) | 104 (3.5) |
Female (n = 2654) | 276 (10.4) | 269 (10.1) | 86 (3.2) | 93 (3.5) |
Male (n = 312) | 28 (9.0) | 21 (6.7) | 4 (1.3) | 11 (3.5) |
Before the Lockdown, n (%) | During the Lockdown, n (%) | |
---|---|---|
Number who actively searched for recipes/food preparation content | 2063 | 2218 |
Guaranteed to taste good | 1815 (88.0) | 2015 (90.9) |
Achievable with few ingredients | 1216 (58.9) | 1726 (77.8) |
Achievable with the ingredients I have at home | 1563 (75.8) | 2065 (93.1) |
Achievable with ingredients that can be easily found at the store | 1816 (88.0) | 1953 (88.1) |
Easy to prepare | 1452 (70.4) | 1428 (64.4) |
Quick to prepare | 1415 (68.6) | 1132 (51.0) |
Innovative (new, something different) | 1101 (53.4) | 1267 (57.1) |
Inexpensive to make | 1205 (58.4) | 1269 (57.2) |
Comforting | 1214 (58.9) | 1682 (75.8) |
Healthy | 1763 (85.5) | 1777 (80.1) |
Environmentally friendly | 1219 (59.1) | 1191 (53.7) |
Dietary Patterns/Food and Cooking Inspiration Sources | Before the Lockdown | During the Lockdown | p-Value for Interaction with Lockdown | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean Difference (95% CI) * in Dietary Pattern Score for Those Who Were Influenced Compared to Those Who Were Not | p-Value | Mean Difference (95% CI) * in Dietary Pattern Score for Those Who Were Influenced Compared to Those Who Were Not | p-Value | ||
Healthy dietary pattern | |||||
Family and friends | 0.12 (0.001, 0.23) | 0.047 | 0.13 (0.01, 0.25) | 0.031 | 0.169 |
Nutrition and health experts | 0.47 (0.36, 0.58) | <0.001 | 0.42 (0.31, 0.52) | <0.001 | 0.225 |
Celebrity cooks | −0.11 (−0.40, 0.17) | 0.432 | −0.18 (−0.42, 0.05) | 0.129 | 0.522 |
Food influencers | 0.06 (−0.12, 0.24) | 0.531 | 0.01 (−0.17, 0.19) | 0.930 | 0.746 |
Unhealthy dietary pattern | |||||
Family and friends | 0.09 (−0.02, 0.19) | 0.101 | 0.04 (−0.07, 0.15) | 0.501 | 0.702 |
Nutrition and health experts | −0.15 (−0.25, −0.05) | 0.003 | −0.17 (−0.27, −0.07) | 0.001 | 0.667 |
Celebrity cooks | 0.15 (−0.11, 0.41) | 0.265 | 0.03 (−0.19, 0.26) | 0.772 | 0.342 |
Food influencers | 0.08 (−0.08, 0.25) | 0.335 | −0.04 (−0.21, 0.13) | 0.628 | 0.131 |
Vegan dietary pattern | |||||
Family and friends | −0.19 (−0.29, −0.09) | <0.001 | −0.05 (−0.16, 0.06) | 0.337 | 0.007 |
Nutrition and health experts | 0.00 (−0.09, 0.10) | 0.972 | 0.13 (0.03, 0.23) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Celebrity cooks | −0.07 (−0.32, 0.18) | 0.584 | 0.06 (−0.16, 0.28) | 0.602 | 0.897 |
Food influencers | 0.23 (0.07, 0.39) | 0.004 | 0.27 (0.10, 0.43) | 0.001 | 0.432 |
Meat dietary pattern | |||||
Family and friends | 0.30 (0.20, 0.39) | <0.001 | 0.32 (0.22, 0.42) | <0.001 | 0.217 |
Nutrition and health experts | 0.06 (−0.03, 0.15) | 0.176 | 0.02 (−0.07, 0.12) | 0.625 | 0.648 |
Celebrity cooks | 0.42 (0.18, 0.66) | 0.001 | 0.37 (0.17, 0.58) | <0.001 | 0.486 |
Food influencers | 0.14 (−0.01, 0.29) | 0.077 | 0.14 (−0.02, 0.29) | 0.082 | 0.519 |
Dietary Patterns/Reasons for Recipes Selection | Before the Lockdown | During the Lockdown | p-Value for Interaction with Lockdown | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean Difference (95% CI) * in Dietary Pattern Score for Those Who Selected the Recipe for This Reason Compared to Those Who Did Not | p-Value | Mean Difference (95% CI) * in Dietary Pattern Score for Those Who Selected the Recipe for This Reason Compared to Those Who Did Not | p-Value | ||
Healthy dietary pattern | |||||
Guaranteed to taste good | 0.21 (0.05, 0.38) | 0.011 | 0.20 (0.02, 0.38) | 0.033 | 0.729 |
Achievable with few ingredients | −0.11 (−0.23, 0.01) | 0.066 | −0.08 (−0.21, 0.06) | 0.247 | 0.477 |
Achievable with the ingredients I have at home | 0.24 (0.10, 0.38) | 0.001 | 0.27 (0.06, 0.49) | 0.013 | 0.063 |
Achievable with ingredients that can be easily found at the store | −0.23 (−0.41, −0.05) | 0.014 | −0.03 (−0.20, 0.14) | 0.705 | 0.657 |
Easy to prepare | −0.14 (−0.27, −0.01) | 0.039 | −0.13 (−0.24, −0.01) | 0.038 | 0.657 |
Quick to prepare | −0.15 (−0.28, −0.02) | 0.020 | −0.07 (−0.18, 0.04) | 0.222 | 0.728 |
Innovative (new, something different) | 0.32 (0.21, 0.44) | <0.001 | 0.33 (0.22, 0.45) | <0.001 | 0.218 |
Inexpensive to make | 0.08 (−0.03, 0.20) | 0.164 | −0.12 (−0.23, −0.004) | 0.043 | 0.011 |
Comforting | −0.20 (−0.32, −0.09) | 0.001 | −0.11 (−0.24, 0.02) | 0.091 | 0.457 |
Healthy | 1.02 (0.87, 1.17) | <0.001 | 0.88 (0.74, 1.01) | <0.001 | 0.111 |
Environmentally friendly | 0.86 (0.75, 0.97) | <0.001 | 0.72 (0.61, 0.83) | <0.001 | 0.005 |
Unhealthy dietary pattern | |||||
Guaranteed to taste good | −0.02 (−0.18, 0.13) | 0.754 | 0.00 (−0.17, 0.17) | 0.980 | 0.583 |
Achievable with few ingredients | 0.10 (−0.01, 0.21) | 0.065 | 0.10 (−0.03, 0.22) | 0.140 | 0.295 |
Achievable with the ingredients I have at home | −0.05 (−0.17, 0.08) | 0.435 | 0.12 (−0.08, 0.32) | 0.244 | 0.017 |
Achievable with ingredients that can be easily found at the store | 0.16 (−0.001, 0.33) | 0.052 | 0.02 (−0.14, 0.18) | 0.817 | 0.231 |
Easy to prepare | 0.21 (0.09, 0.33) | 0.001 | 0.22 (0.11, 0.33) | <0.001 | 0.705 |
Quick to prepare | 0.14 (0.02, 0.26) | 0.017 | 0.10 (−0.002, 0.21) | 0.054 | 0.178 |
Innovative (new, something different) | −0.25 (−0.36, −0.15) | <0.001 | −0.27 (−0.38, −0.17) | <0.001 | 0.470 |
Inexpensive to make | −0.09 (−0.20, 0.02) | 0.118 | −0.05 (−0.15, 0.06) | 0.410 | 0.562 |
Comforting | 0.49 (0.38, 0.59) | <0.001 | 0.50 (0.38, 0.62) | <0.001 | 0.557 |
Healthy | −0.66 (−0.81, −0.52) | <0.001 | −0.69 (−0.82, −0.57) | <0.001 | 0.468 |
Environmentally friendly | −0.38 (−0.49, −0.27) | <0.001 | −0.39 (−0.49, −0.29) | <0.001 | 0.613 |
Vegan dietary pattern | |||||
Guaranteed to taste good | −0.16 (−0.31, −0.01) | 0.032 | −0.22 (−0.39, −0.05) | 0.010 | 0.272 |
Achievable with few ingredients | 0.03 (−0.07, 0.14) | 0.518 | −0.08 (−0.21, 0.04) | 0.183 | 0.143 |
Achievable with the ingredients I have at home | −0.03 (−0.15, 0.09) | 0.612 | 0.05 (−0.15, 0.24) | 0.657 | 0.168 |
Achievable with ingredients that can be easily found at the store | −0.18 (−0.34, −0.02) | 0.026 | 0.07 (−0.08, 0.23) | 0.360 | 0.284 |
Easy to prepare | −0.07 (−0.18, 0.05) | 0.257 | −0.08 (−0.19, 0.03) | 0.145 | 0.303 |
Quick to prepare | −0.08 (−0.19, 0.04) | 0.194 | 0.01 (−0.09, 0.12) | 0.822 | 0.552 |
Innovative (new, something different) | −0.02 (−0.12, 0.09) | 0.730 | 0.10 (−0.01, 0.20) | 0.065 | 0.002 |
Inexpensive to make | 0.03 (−0.08, 0.13) | 0.600 | 0.07 (−0.03, 0.18) | 0.165 | 0.826 |
Comforting | −0.13 (−0.23, −0.02) | 0.017 | −0.16 (−0.28, −0.04) | 0.008 | 0.595 |
Healthy | 0.23 (0.09, 0.37) | 0.001 | 0.38 (0.26, 0.51) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Environmentally friendly | 0.43 (0.33, 0.53) | <0.001 | 0.58 (0.48, 0.68) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Meat dietary pattern | |||||
Guaranteed to taste good | −0.01 (−0.14, 0.13) | 0.935 | 0.16 (0.003, 0.32) | 0.046 | 0.697 |
Achievable with few ingredients | −0.01 (−0.11, 0.09) | 0.827 | 0.02 (−0.10, 0.13) | 0.790 | 0.713 |
Achievable with the ingredients I have at home | −0.10 (−0.21, 0.02) | 0.098 | −0.09 (−0.27, 0.10) | 0.366 | 0.353 |
Achievable with ingredients that can be easily found at the store | 0.02 (−0.13, 0.17) | 0.768 | −0.05 (−0.20, 0.10) | 0.499 | 0.821 |
Easy to prepare | −0.03 (−0.14, 0.08) | 0.582 | 0.03 (−0.08, 0.13) | 0.617 | 0.233 |
Quick to prepare | −0.01 (−0.11, 0.10) | 0.922 | −0.01 (−0.11, 0.09) | 0.815 | 0.678 |
Innovative (new, something different) | 0.08 (−0.02, 0.18) | 0.099 | 0.06 (−0.04, 0.15) | 0.260 | 0.220 |
Inexpensive to make | −0.20 (−0.30, −0.10) | <0.001 | −0.17 (−0.27, −0.07) | 0.001 | 0.515 |
Comforting | 0.00 (−0.10, 0.10) | 0.964 | 0.04 (−0.07, 0.15) | 0.462 | 0.143 |
Healthy | −0.08 (−0.22, 0.05) | 0.215 | −0.03 (−0.15, 0.09) | 0.666 | 0.076 |
Environmentally friendly | −0.35 (−0.44, −0.25) | <0.001 | −0.36 (−0.46, −0.27) | <0.001 | 0.025 |
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Roy, R.; de Castro, T.G.; Haszard, J.; Egli, V.; Te Morenga, L.; Teunissen, L.; Decorte, P.; Cuykx, I.; De Backer, C.; Gerritsen, S. Who We Seek and What We Eat? Sources of Food Choice Inspirations and Their Associations with Adult Dietary Patterns before and during the COVID-19 Lockdown in New Zealand. Nutrients 2021, 13, 3917. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113917
Roy R, de Castro TG, Haszard J, Egli V, Te Morenga L, Teunissen L, Decorte P, Cuykx I, De Backer C, Gerritsen S. Who We Seek and What We Eat? Sources of Food Choice Inspirations and Their Associations with Adult Dietary Patterns before and during the COVID-19 Lockdown in New Zealand. Nutrients. 2021; 13(11):3917. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113917
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoy, Rajshri, Teresa Gontijo de Castro, Jillian Haszard, Victoria Egli, Lisa Te Morenga, Lauranna Teunissen, Paulien Decorte, Isabelle Cuykx, Charlotte De Backer, and Sarah Gerritsen. 2021. "Who We Seek and What We Eat? Sources of Food Choice Inspirations and Their Associations with Adult Dietary Patterns before and during the COVID-19 Lockdown in New Zealand" Nutrients 13, no. 11: 3917. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113917