Low Serum Vitamin B12 Levels Are Associated with Adverse Lipid Profiles in Apparently Healthy Young Saudi Women
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design, Population, and Sample Size
2.2. Biochemical Assessment
2.2.1. Lipid Profile and Glucose
2.2.2. Vitamin B12
2.3. Dietary Assessment
2.4. Clinical Assessment
2.5. Other Risk Factors
Physical Activity Questionnaire
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Characteristics by Vitamin B12 Tertiles
3.2. Serum Vitamin B12 Levels and Lipid Profile
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Total | Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | 341 | 114 | 113 | 114 | |
Age (years) | 20.7 ± 1.5 | 20.7 ± 1.6 | 20.9 ± 1.8 | 20.7 ± 1.2 | 0.40 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.6 ± 5.2 | 23.9 ± 5.6 | 23.5 ± 4.7 | 23.7 ± 5.4 | 0.85 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 71.1 ± 10.4 | 72.1 ± 11.0 | 69.7 ± 9.3 | 71.4 ± 10.7 | 0.22 |
Hip circumference (cm) | 99.5 ± 11.7 | 100.1 ± 10.7 | 98.7 ± 13.1 | 99.5 ± 11.1 | 0.66 |
Waist/hip ratio | 0.72 ± 0.06 | 0.72 ± 0.07 | 0.70 ± 0.05 A | 0.72 ± 0.06 | 0.03 |
Fat (%) | 36.9 ± 8.2 | 37.1 ± 8.1 | 36.8 ± 8.0 | 37.3 ± 8.1 | 0.91 |
Family history of dyslipidemia | 8 (2.3) | 2 (1.8) | 5 (4.4) | 1 (0.9) | 0.19 |
Family history of hyperlipidemia | 129 (37.8) | 42 (36.8) | 50 (44.2) | 37 (32.5) | 0.19 |
Family history of heart disease | 104 (30.6) | 39 (34.2) | 35 (31.0) | 30 (26.5) | 0.55 |
Income level (<10,000 SAR) | 70 (20.5) | 26 (22.8) | 24 (21.2) | 20 (17.5) | 0.60 |
Vitamin B12 intake (mcg/day) | 6.9 (4.4–10.8) | 6.3 (3.5–10.1) | 6.8 (4.9–9.9) | 8.3 (4.8–11.6) A | 0.02 |
Adequate vitamin B12 (≥2.4 mcg/day) | 323 (94.7) | 102 (89.5) | 109 (96.5) | 112 (98.2) A | 0.01 |
Median B12 levels | 398.9 (305.8–534.6) | 269.1 (243.0–305.8) | 398.9 (361.0–448.3) A | 596.6 (534.6–683.7) AB | <0.001 |
GPAQ score (MET-minute/week) # | 504.0 (160.0–1240.0) | 600.0 (200.0–1620.0) | 560.0 (160.0–1200.0) | 400.0 (180.0–940.0) | 0.18 |
Biochemical characteristics | |||||
Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 4.6 ± 1.0 | 4.6 ± 1.0 | 4.6 ± 1.1 | 4.7 ± 0.9 | 0.77 |
TC (mmol/L) | 3.8 ± 1.4 | 4.3 ± 1.6 | 3.8 ± 1.4 A | 3.3 ± 1.2 A | <0.001 |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.0 ± 0.4 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.4 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 0.34 |
LDL-Cl (mmol/L) | 2.4 ± 1.2 | 2.8 ± 1.3 | 2.3 ± 1.0 A | 2.0 ± 0.9 A | <0.001 |
TG (mmol/L) | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 0.9 ± 0.5 | 0.7 ± 0.4 A | 0.7 ± 0.4 A | <0.001 |
TC/HDL ratio | 3.9 ± 1.6 | 4.6 ± 2.0 | 3.8 ± 1.4 A | 3.3 ± 1.0 A | <0.001 |
TG/HDL ratio | 0.9 ± 0.6 | 1.0 ± 0.6 | 0.8 ± 0.8 | 0.7 ± 0.4 A | <0.01 |
LDL-C/HDL-C | 2.4 ± 1.4 | 3.0 ± 1.7 A | 2.4 ± 1.2 A | 2.0 ± 0.9 | <0.001 |
Parameters | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B ± SE/OR | B (S)/95%CI | p-Value | B ± SE | B (S)/95%CI | p-Value | |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | −0.39 ± 0.08 | −0.27 | <0.0001 | −0.38 ± 0.07 | −0.26 | <0.0001 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | −0.07 ± 0.02 | −0.17 | <0.01 | −0.07 ± 0.02 | −0.16 | <0.01 |
LDL-C (mmol/L) | −0.35 ± 0.06 | −0.30 | <0.0001 | −0.34 ± 0.06 | −0.30 | <0.0001 |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | 0.01 ± 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.51 | 0.01 ± 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.48 |
LDL/HDL ratio | −0.41 ± 0.07 | −0.30 | <0.0001 | −0.41 ± 0.07 | −0.30 | <0.0001 |
TC/HDL ratio | −0.48 ± 0.09 | −0.30 | <0.0001 | −0.47 ± 0.09 | −0.29 | <0.0001 |
Triglyceride/HDL ratio | −0.09 ± 0.04 | −0.14 | 0.02 | −0.08 ± 0.04 | −0.13 | 0.02 |
Dyslipidemia * | 0.75 | 0.56–1.00 | 0.05 | 0.74 | 0.55–1.01 | 0.06 |
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Al-Musharaf, S.; Aljuraiban, G.S.; Danish Hussain, S.; Alnaami, A.M.; Saravanan, P.; Al-Daghri, N. Low Serum Vitamin B12 Levels Are Associated with Adverse Lipid Profiles in Apparently Healthy Young Saudi Women. Nutrients 2020, 12, 2395. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082395
Al-Musharaf S, Aljuraiban GS, Danish Hussain S, Alnaami AM, Saravanan P, Al-Daghri N. Low Serum Vitamin B12 Levels Are Associated with Adverse Lipid Profiles in Apparently Healthy Young Saudi Women. Nutrients. 2020; 12(8):2395. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082395
Chicago/Turabian StyleAl-Musharaf, Sara, Ghadeer S. Aljuraiban, Syed Danish Hussain, Abdullah M. Alnaami, Ponnusamy Saravanan, and Nasser Al-Daghri. 2020. "Low Serum Vitamin B12 Levels Are Associated with Adverse Lipid Profiles in Apparently Healthy Young Saudi Women" Nutrients 12, no. 8: 2395. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082395