Identifying Interactions between Dietary Sodium, Potassium, Sodium–Potassium Ratios, and FGF5 rs16998073 Variants and Their Associated Risk for Hypertension in Korean Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source and Study Population
2.2. General Characteristics, Anthropometric, and Biochemical Variables
2.3. Dietary Assessment
2.4. Ascertainment of Hypertension
2.5. Genome-Wide Genotyping and Quality Control
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | SNP | CHR | Minor Allele | MAF | Gene | Hypertension | SBP (n = 23,344) | DBP (n = 23,344) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Cases (n = 9558); Controls (n = 8178)) | ||||||||||||
Cases | Controls | OR (95%CI) | Add P | Beta ± se | Add P | Beta ± se | Add P | |||||
1 | rs16998073 | 4 | T | 0.50 | 0.47 | FGF5 | 1.29 (1.23–1.35) | 8.02 × 10−25 | 1.14 ± 0.14 | 5.46 × 10−17 | 0.73 ± 0.09 | 1.95 × 10−15 |
2 | rs1458038 | 4 | T | 0.36 | 0.39 | 1.26 (1.21–1.33) | 2.93 × 10−22 | 1.05 ± 0.13 | 1.41 × 10−15 | 0.68 ± 0.09 | 2.77 × 10−14 | |
3 | rs77768175 | 12 | G | 0.41 | 0.37 | HECTD4 | 0.77 (0.72–0.82) | 5.89 × 10−16 | −0.9 ± 0.18 | 2.79 × 10−7 | −0.75 ± 0.12 | 2.92 × 10−10 |
4 | rs671 | 12 | A | 0.38 | 0.33 | ALDH2 | 0.77 (0.72–0.82) | 2.08 × 10−15 | −0.89 ± 0.18 | 3.99 × 10−7 | −0.74 ± 0.12 | 3.77 × 10−10 |
5 | rs11066280 | 12 | A | 0.23 | 0.20 | HECTD4 | 0.78 (0.74–0.84) | 3.15 × 10−14 | −0.83 ± 0.17 | 1.15 × 10−6 | −0.72 ± 0.12 | 4.86 × 10−10 |
6 | rs2074356 | 12 | A | 0.30 | 0.32 | HECTD4 | 0.78 (0.73–0.83) | 2.86 × 10−13 | −0.89 ± 0.18 | 1.14 × 10−6 | −0.72 ± 0.12 | 6.12 × 10−9 |
7 | rs36034102 | 4 | T | 0.32 | 0.35 | FGF5 | 1.22(1.15–1.29) | 3.20 × 10−12 | 0.87 ± 0.16 | 3.80 × 10−8 | 0.47 ± 0.11 | 9.21 × 10−6 |
8 | rs12229654 | 12 | G | 0.23 | 0.26 | 0.79 (0.74–0.84) | 4.25 × 10−25 | −0.9 ± 0.18 | 1.02 × 10−6 | −0.7 ± 0.12 | 1.52 × 10−8 | |
9 | rs11066453 | 12 | G | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.79 (0.74–0.85) | 6.66 × 10−11 | −0.41 ± 0.19 | 3.41 × 10−2 | −0.42 ± 0.13 | 1.33 × 10−3 | |
10 | rs2072134 | 12 | A | 0.24 | 0.26 | OAS3 | 0.78 (0.73–0.84) | 1.278 × 10−10 | −0.49 ± 0.2 | 1.55 × 10−2 | −0.46 ± 0.14 | 7.10 × 10−4 |
11 | rs17249754 | 12 | A | 0.24 | 0.27 | ATP2B1 | 0.87 (0.83–0.91) | 4.40 × 10−9 | −0.72 ± 0.13 | 4.69 × 10−8 | −0.39 ± 0.09 | 1.12 × 10−5 |
12 | rs12413409 | 10 | A | 0.36 | 0.39 | CNNM2 | 0.85 (0.81–0.9) | 4.63 × 10−9 | −0.61 ± 0.15 | 3.73 × 10−5 | −0.33 ± 0.1 | 7.66 × 10−4 |
13 | rs16849273 | 2 | G | 0.36 | 0.39 | 0.87 (0.83–0.91) | 4.84 × 10−9 | −0.65 ± 0.13 | 9.37 × 10−7 | −0.36 ± 0.09 | 8.19 × 10−5 | |
14 | rs12231049 | 12 | G | 0.37 | 0.39 | MYL2 | 0.83 (0.78–0.89) | 7.76 × 10−9 | −0.62 ± 0.17 | 2.60 × 10−4 | −0.46 ± 0.11 | 6.10 × 10−5 |
15 | rs732998 | 10 | C | 0.16 | 0.18 | NT5C2 | 0.85 (0.81–0.9) | 8.48 × 10−9 | −0.59 ± 0.15 | 5.85 × 10−5 | −0.32 ± 0.1 | 1.24 × 10−3 |
16 | rs11191548 | 10 | C | 0.16 | 0.18 | CNNM2 | 0.86 (0.81–0.9) | 1.04 × 10−8 | −0.59 ± 0.15 | 6.14 × 10−5 | −0.33 ± 0.1 | 7.54 × 10−4 |
17 | rs2681492 | 12 | C | 0.13 | 0.15 | ATP2B1 | 0.87 (0.83–0.91) | 1.54 × 10−8 | −0.68 ± 0.13 | 2.48 × 10−7 | −0.38 ± 0.09 | 2.47 × 10−5 |
18 | rs3782889 | 12 | G | 0.14 | 0.17 | MYL2 | 0.84 (0.79–0.89) | 2.03 × 10−8 | −0.58 ± 0.17 | 6.59 × 10−5 | −0.43 ± 0.11 | 1.46 × 10−4 |
19 | rs167479 | 19 | T | 0.13 | 0.16 | RGL3 | 0.88 (0.84–0.92) | 2.37 × 10−8 | −0.51 ± 0.13 | 6.57 × 10−5 | −0.35 ± 0.09 | 5.39 × 10−5 |
20 | rs112735431 | 17 | A | 0.15 | 0.17 | RNF213, LOC100294362 | 1.91 (1.52–2.41) | 3.02 × 10−8 | 3.4 ± 0.65 | 1.85 × 10−7 | 1.54 ± 0.44 | 4.89 × 10−4 |
21 | rs1799998 | 8 | G | 0.16 | 0.18 | CYP11B2 | 0.87 (0.83–0.91) | 3.16 × 10−8 | −0.22 ± 0.14 | 1.04 × 10−1 | −0.08 ± 0.09 | 3.66 × 10−1 |
22 | rs11191580 | 10 | C | 0.11 | 0.13 | NT5C2 | 0.86 (0.82–0.91) | 3.39 × 10−8 | −0.57 ± 0.15 | 1.31 × 10−4 | −0.31 ± 0.1 | 1.73 × 10−3 |
23 | rs7136259 | 12 | T | 0.10 | 0.12 | ATP2B1 | 0.88 (0.84–0.92) | 4.89 × 10−8 | −0.63 ± 0.13 | 1.65 × 10−6 | −0.36 ± 0.09 | 4.52 × 10−5 |
Men | Women | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HTN (n = 3575) | No HTN (n = 2280) | p Value | HTN (n = 4355) | No HTN (n = 7052) | p Value | ||||||
Age (years) | 57.55 ± 7.89 | 53.66 ± 8.09 | <0.0001 | Age (years) | 57.35 ± 6.91 | 50.48 ± 7.08 | <0.0001 | ||||
Smoking Status | <0.0001 | Smoking Status | <0.0001 | ||||||||
Current | 796 | 22.30% | 768 | 33.70% | Current | 56 | 1.30% | 165 | 2.30% | ||
Past | 1688 | 47.20% | 863 | 37.90% | Past | 48 | 1.00% | 73 | 1.00% | ||
None | 1091 | 30.50% | 649 | 28.50% | None | 4251 | 97.60% | 6814 | 96.60% | ||
Physical Activity | <0.0001 | Physical Activity | 0.916 | ||||||||
No | 1323 | 37.00% | 962 | 42.80% | No | 2052 | 47.10% | 3322 | 47.10% | ||
Yes | 2252 | 63.00% | 1318 | 57.80% | Yes | 2303 | 52.90% | 3730 | 52.90% | ||
Alcohol Consumption | <0.0001 | Alcohol Consumption | <0.0001 | ||||||||
Current | 2596 | 72.60% | 1541 | 67.60% | Current | 1036 | 23.80% | 2281 | 32.30% | ||
Past | 304 | 8.50% | 173 | 7.60% | Past | 95 | 2.20% | 106 | 1.50% | ||
Never | 675 | 18.90% | 566 | 24.80% | Never | 3224 | 74.00% | 4665 | 66.20% | ||
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.22 ± 2.72 | 23.47 ± 2.54 | <0.0001 | BMI (kg/m2) | 24.96 ± 3.04 | 22.74 ± 2.58 | <0.0001 | ||||
Waist Circumference | 87.83 ± 7.33 | 83.24 ± 7.20 | <0.0001 | Waist Circumference | 81.85 ± 8.05 | 75.64 ± 7.47 | <0.0001 | ||||
Na Intake (mg/day) | 2667.27 ± 1468.11 | 2624.73 ± 1490.0.4 | 0.169 | Na Intake (mg/day) | 2347.85 ± 1328.80 | 2384.80 ± 1314.68 | 0.058 | ||||
K Intake (mg/day) | 2244.55 ± 945.03 | 2248.00 ± 962.94 | 0.858 | K Intake (mg/day) | 2168.86 ± 971.31 | 2262.50 ± 1006.48 | <0.0001 | ||||
Na–K Ratio | 1.18 ± 0.39 | 1.16 ± 0.38 | 0.042 | Na–K Ratio | 1.08 ± 0.39 | 1.06 ± 0.36 | 0.004 | ||||
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 160.64 ± 111.76 | 128.03 ± 88.36 | <0.0001 | Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 134.82 ± 87.20 | 100.17 ± 62.48 | <0.0001 | ||||
HDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 48.13 ± 11.42 | 49.24 ± 11.84 | <0.0001 | HDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 52.80 ± 12.42 | 56.20 ± 12.77 | <0.0001 | ||||
Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 189.85 ± 34.95 | 189.61 ± 33.99 | 0.670 | Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 201.02 ± 36.25 | 195.54 ± 34.67 | <0.0001 |
Men | Women | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Na intake | Na intake | ||||||
<2000 mg | ≥2000 mg | p-interaction | <2000 mg | ≥2000 mg | p-interaction | ||
rs16998073 | <0.0001 | rs16998073 | <0.0001 | ||||
AA (wild type) | 1 (ref.) | 1.11 (0.92–1.34) | AA (wild type) | 1 (ref.) | 0.90 (0.78–1.04) | ||
AT | 1.51 (1.24–1.85) | 1.62 (1.35–1.95) | AT | 1.22 (1.05–1.40) | 1.25 (1.09–1.43) | ||
TT | 2.04 (1.48–2.83) | 2.41 (1.84–3.15) | TT | 1.67 (1.35–2.07) | 1.33 (1.09–1.62) | ||
K intake | K intake | ||||||
<3500 mg | ≥3500 mg | p-interaction | <3500 mg | ≥3500 mg | p-interaction | ||
rs16998073 | <0.0001 | rs16998073 | <0.0001 | ||||
AA (wild type) | 1 (ref.) | 0.99 (0.75–1.34) | AA (wild type) | 1 (ref.) | 0.75 (0.58–0.95) | ||
AT | 1.48 (1.30–1.68) | 1.48 (1.09–2.01) | AT | 1.27 (1.15–1.41) | 1.32 (1.05–1.65) | ||
TT | 2.15 (1.74–2.64) | 1.85 (0.98–3.48) | TT | 1.55 (1.34–1.80) | 1.19 (0.77–1.84) |
Men | Women | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Na–K Ratio | Na–K ratio | ||||||||
Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | p-Interaction | Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | p-Interaction | ||
rs16998073 | <0.0001 | rs16998073 | <0.0001 | ||||||
AA (wild type) | 1 (ref.) | 1.17 (0.94–1.46) | 1.34 (1.08–1.67) | AA (wild type) | 1 (ref.) | 1.03 (0.87–1.22) | 1.02 (0.56–1.20) | ||
AT | 1.55 (1.25–1.91) | 1.86 (1.80–2.31) | 1.80 (1.45–2.24) | AT | 1.34 (1.14–1.58) | 1.24 (1.05–1.46) | 1.42 (1.21–1.68) | ||
TT | 2.26 (1.61–3.18) | 3.03 (2.14–4.29) | 2.12 (1.55–3.12) | TT | 1.82 (1.43–2.33) | 1.56 (1.22–1.99) | 1.40 (1.09–1.79) |
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Jeong, H.; Jin, H.-S.; Kim, S.-S.; Shin, D. Identifying Interactions between Dietary Sodium, Potassium, Sodium–Potassium Ratios, and FGF5 rs16998073 Variants and Their Associated Risk for Hypertension in Korean Adults. Nutrients 2020, 12, 2121. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12072121
Jeong H, Jin H-S, Kim S-S, Shin D. Identifying Interactions between Dietary Sodium, Potassium, Sodium–Potassium Ratios, and FGF5 rs16998073 Variants and Their Associated Risk for Hypertension in Korean Adults. Nutrients. 2020; 12(7):2121. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12072121
Chicago/Turabian StyleJeong, Hyeyun, Hyun-Seok Jin, Sung-Soo Kim, and Dayeon Shin. 2020. "Identifying Interactions between Dietary Sodium, Potassium, Sodium–Potassium Ratios, and FGF5 rs16998073 Variants and Their Associated Risk for Hypertension in Korean Adults" Nutrients 12, no. 7: 2121. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12072121