Effects of Monomeric and Oligomeric Flavanols on Kidney Function, Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Runners: A Randomized Double-Blind Pilot Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Study Participants
2.3. Intervention
2.4. Study-Related Procedures
2.5. Urine Testing
2.6. Sample Calculation
2.7. Sample Randomization
2.8. Statictisal Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Characteritics of the Participants
3.2. Changes in Clinical and Performance Parameters after the Half-Marathon
3.3. Prevalence of Hematuria and Proteinuria after the Half-Marathon
3.4. Urinary Creatinine, Albumin and Electrolytes Concentrations
3.5. Biomarkers of Renal Inflammation and Oxidative Stress
3.6. Safety
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compound | Vitis vinifera L. extract% (m/m) | Pinus pinaster L. extract% (m/m) |
---|---|---|
Total polyphenols | 90–95 | ca. 80 |
Flavan-3-ols | 60–70 | n.a. |
Other polyphenols | 20–35 | n.a. |
Monomers | 25–30 | 7–20 |
Oligomeric proanthocyanidins (2–5 units) | 35–40 | 19–38 |
Dimeric proanthocyanidins | 30–35 | 11–22 |
Polymers (>6 units) | 1–5 | 4–13 |
Taxifolin | n.a. | <3 |
Water | ca. 5 | ca. 4 |
Characteristics | Placebo, n = 25 | MOF-VVPP, n = 29 | Total, n = 54 | p # |
---|---|---|---|---|
Male/female, n | 15/10 | 18/11 | 33/21 | 0.885 |
Age, y | 47 ± 15 | 47 ± 11 | 47 13 | 0.823 |
Blood pressure, mm Hg | ||||
Systolic | 131 ± 14 | 132 ± 17 | 131 ± 15 | 0.755 |
Diastolic | 82 ± 7 | 83 ± 11 | 83 ± 9 | 0.807 |
HR, bmp | 59 ± 9 | 58 ± 8 | 59 ± 8 | 0.695 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 24.8 ± 2.5 | 24.4 ± 2.1 | 24.6 ± 2.3 | 0.557 |
Average training for 3 months before half-marathon, km/week | 30 (25–45) | 35 (25–48) | 30 (25–45) | 0,848 |
Long-distance running experience, years | 10 (5–15) | 9 (5–14) | 9 (5–15) | 0.721 |
Previous races, n | ||||
42.2 km | 0(0–3) | 1 (0–4) | 0 (0–4) | 0.722 |
21.1 km | 5.0 (1–12) * | 6 (3–15) | 5.5 (2.8–15) | 0.423 |
10 km | 10 (4–20) | 10 (4–17.5) | 10 (4–20) | 0.869 |
5 km | 4.5 (0.3–10) | 1 (0–10) | 3 (0–10) | 0.266 |
Reported best 21.1-km finishing time, min | 110 (101–117) | 110 (96.5–127.5) | 110 (98–121) | 0.889 |
Characteristics | Placebo, n = 25 | MOF-VVPP, n = 29 | p # | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before | After | Before | After | ||
Body weight, kg | 74.7 ± 10.7 | 74.0 ± 10.7 * | 74.8 ± 11.2 | 74.2 ± 11.1 * | 0.935 |
Change of body weight, % | 0.87 ± 0.69 | 0.77 ± 0.84 | 0.599 | ||
Finishing time, min | |||||
Male | 122.4 ± 11.2 | 117.4 ± 19.5 | 0.407 | ||
Female | 122.9 ± 13.8 | 124.0 ± 19.2 | 0.882 | ||
Tiredness, AU | 4.25 ± 2.52 | 4.89 ± 2.89 | 0.380 | ||
Muscle pain, AU | 2.46 ± 3.11 | 2.97 ± 3.04 | 0.552 |
Parameter | Placebo | MOF-VVPP | p * | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before | After | Before | After | ||
Specific gravity, kg/L | 1.007 (1.005–1.018) | 1.015 b (1.006–1.024) | 1.006 (1.005–1.012) | 1.013 b (1.007–1.019) | 0.573 |
Osmolality, mOsm/kg | 314 (207–704) | 407 (226–657) | 258 (164–485) | 374 (219–569) | 0.490 |
Creatinine, mmol/L | 4.0 (2.4–7.8) | 10.7 c (6.3–18.0) | 3.6 (1.8–6.6) | 8.5 a (5.1–15.9) | 0.574 |
Albumin **, mg/L | 5.0 (5.0–5.0) | 51.5 c (35.0–198.0) | 5.0 (5.0–5.0) | 39.0 c (13.8–105.3) | 0.335 |
Albumin/Creatinine, mg/mmol | 0.47 (0.34–0.79) | 6.90 c (2.35–11.25) | 0.51 (0.35–1.02) | 4.2 c (2.2–10.7) | 0.534 |
Urea, mmol/L | 131 (82–306) | 160 (98–225) | 121 (62–246) | 126 (88–281) | 0.842 |
Sodium, mmol/L | 55.5 (28.0–121.8) | 50.0 (26.5–81.0) | 44.0 (25.0–72.1) | 34.5 (24.0–56.3) | 0.130 |
Potassium, mmol/L | 36.1 (27.5–58.4) | 63.3 a (35.0–93.8) | 30.5 (16.1–54.0) | 53.1 a (29.8–86.2) | 0.475 |
Chloride, mmol/L | 68.5 (39.3–138.3) | 40.0 b (30.0–90.0) | 55.0 (34.0–86.5) | 52.5 (35.3–72.8) | 0.762 |
Uric acid, mmol/L | 0.91 (0.56–1.96) | 1.47 (0.64–2.20) | 0.95 (0.48–1.47) | 1.19 (0.56–2.00) | 0.486 |
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Semen, K.O.; Weseler, A.R.; Janssen, M.J.W.; Drittij-Reijnders, M.-J.; le Noble, J.L.M.L.; Bast, A. Effects of Monomeric and Oligomeric Flavanols on Kidney Function, Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Runners: A Randomized Double-Blind Pilot Study. Nutrients 2020, 12, 1634. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061634
Semen KO, Weseler AR, Janssen MJW, Drittij-Reijnders M-J, le Noble JLML, Bast A. Effects of Monomeric and Oligomeric Flavanols on Kidney Function, Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Runners: A Randomized Double-Blind Pilot Study. Nutrients. 2020; 12(6):1634. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061634
Chicago/Turabian StyleSemen, Khrystyna O., Antje R. Weseler, Marcel J. W. Janssen, Marie-José Drittij-Reijnders, Jos L. M. L. le Noble, and Aalt Bast. 2020. "Effects of Monomeric and Oligomeric Flavanols on Kidney Function, Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Runners: A Randomized Double-Blind Pilot Study" Nutrients 12, no. 6: 1634. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061634