Aquatic Foods and Nutrition in the Pacific
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Pacific Island Region and Case Study Countries
2.2. Vanuatu
2.3. Solomon Islands
2.4. Nutrient Composition
2.5. Consumption Data
2.5.1. National Consumption of Aquatic Foods
2.5.2. Village-Level Food Consumption
2.6. Trade of Aquatic Foods
3. Results
3.1. Nutrient Composition of Aquatic Foods in the Pacific
3.2. National Consumption of Aqautic Foods
3.3. Individual Consumption
3.4. Movement of Nutrients from Aquatic Foods through Imports and Exports
3.4.1. Canned Fish
3.4.2. Oceanic Tuna Fishery
4. Discussion
4.1. Aquatic Food Is Not a Homogenous Group
4.2. Integrating Nutrient Compostion Information with Consumption Patterns
4.3. Aquatic Food as Part of the Pacific Food System
4.4. Effects of Aquatic Food Trade on Nutrition
4.4.1. Imports
4.4.2. Exports
4.5. Future Opportunities and Constraints for Aquatic Foods and Nutrition
4.5.1. Data Gaps
4.5.2. Addressing the Predicted Supply Gap from Coastal Fisheries
4.5.3. Addressing Contaminants
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Aquatic Food Group | Energy (kcal) | Protein (g) | Fat (g) | Sodium (mg) | Calcium (mg) | Iron (mg) | Zinc (mg) | Vitamin A (µg RAE) | Vitamin B12 (µg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tuna (n= 4) | 164 (77) | 25 (3) | 5.4 (8) | 38.3 (14) | 5.5 (6) | 1.2 (0.9) | 0.5 (0.23) | 54.8 (58) | 1.1 (1.4) |
Small pelagic fish (n = 1) | 105 | 19.7 | 2.9 | 665 | 725 | 4 | 3.1 | 106 | 8.3 |
Large pelagic fish (n = 2) | 132 | 21 | 5.2 | 110 | 14 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 31 | 0.9 |
Demersal/reef fish (n = 3) | 101 (28) | 19.8 (0.3) | 2.2 (3.1) | 78.3 (11) | 25.3 (21) | 0.6 (0.3) | 0.6 (0.1) | 30.3 (2) | 1.7 (1.6) |
Elasmobranchs (n = 2) | 97.5 | 22.6 | 0.8 | 97.5 | 11.0 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 12.0 | 1.1 |
Prawn/shrimp (n = 2) | 92 | 20.4 | 1.2 | 249 | 89 | 1.6 | 1.31 | 27 | 1.5 |
Crabs/crayfish (n = 5) | 76 (18) | 15.7 (5.2) | 1.4 (0.8) | 279 (244) | 143 (139) | 1.3 (1.1) | 3.5 (0.6) | 16.2 (21) | 2.9 (3.9) |
Bivalves, gastropods (n = 6) | 104 (98) | 19.1 (16) | 1.9 (3) | 437 (464) | 77.5 (227) | 4.0 (8) | 4.4 (17) | 56.3 (180) | 9.4 (15) |
Cephalopods (n = 2) | 78.5 | 17.2 | 1.1 | 285 | 14.5 | 0.8 | 1.4 | 21.5 | 10.2 |
Echinoids (n = 1) | 91.0 | 8.2 | 6.5 | 147 | 50.0 | 0.9 | 0.4 | tr | 0.0 |
Sea cucumber (n = 1) | 52.0 | 12.8 | 0.1 | 716 | 87.0 | 1.2 | 0.2 | tr | 2.3 |
Turtle (n = 2) | 73 | 16 | 1.0 | 129 | 100 | 1 | 1.3 | 5 | 1.1 |
Seaweed (n = 2) | 9 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 810 | 56 | 8 | tr | 50 | 0 |
Canned Fish (mixed fish, oil, brine, other) (n = 12) | 177 (139) | 21.8 (14.7) | 9.5 (11.1) | 937 (5310) | 154 (399) | 1.5 (1.7) | 1.2 (2.4) | 16.8 (37) | 3.3 (7.6) |
Solomon Islands | Vanuatu | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aquatic Food Group | National | Rural | Urban | National | Rural | Urban |
Pelagic fish | 53.2 (1.51) | 56.1 (1.92) | 45.8 (2.08) | 14.4 (0.63) | 18.0 (0.82) | 4.4 (0.49) |
Reef fish | 97.5 (2.33) | 116.1 (3.07) | 50.9 (2.30) | 7.2 (0.49) | 7.6 (0.58) | 6.1 (0.88) |
Canned fish | 13.5 (0.22) | 9.2 (0.19) | 24.3 (0.49) | 14.1 (0.30) | 13.3 (0.30) | 16.3 (0.68) |
Shellfish | 30.7 (1.26) | 39.0 (1.67) | 9.7 (1.04) | 1.6 (0.08) | 2.0 (0.11) | 0.44 (0.05) |
Mixed fresh/frozen fish | 6.3 (0.60) | 8.3 (0.82) | 1.2 (0.38) | 1.4 (0.11) | 1.7 (0.14) | 0.58 (0.16) |
Aquatic food (total) | 201.2 (3.45) | 228.8 (4.52) | 131.8 (3.70) | 38.8 (0.99) | 42.6 (1.23) | 27.9 (1.40) |
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Farmery, A.K.; Scott, J.M.; Brewer, T.D.; Eriksson, H.; Steenbergen, D.J.; Albert, J.; Raubani, J.; Tutuo, J.; Sharp, M.K.; Andrew, N.L. Aquatic Foods and Nutrition in the Pacific. Nutrients 2020, 12, 3705. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123705
Farmery AK, Scott JM, Brewer TD, Eriksson H, Steenbergen DJ, Albert J, Raubani J, Tutuo J, Sharp MK, Andrew NL. Aquatic Foods and Nutrition in the Pacific. Nutrients. 2020; 12(12):3705. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123705
Chicago/Turabian StyleFarmery, Anna K., Jessica M. Scott, Tom D. Brewer, Hampus Eriksson, Dirk J. Steenbergen, Joelle Albert, Jacob Raubani, Jillian Tutuo, Michael K. Sharp, and Neil L. Andrew. 2020. "Aquatic Foods and Nutrition in the Pacific" Nutrients 12, no. 12: 3705. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123705