Effect of Cocoa and Cocoa Products on Cognitive Performance in Young Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
Literature Selection
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Methodological Aspects
3.2. Results on Cardiovascular Endpoints
3.3. Results on Cognition Endpoints
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Reference | Participants (Years Old) | Type of Study | Flavanol Amount | Control Group | Time * | Outcomes | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[33] | 16 (female only) 18–30 | acute/chronic (5 days) | 172 mg CF for 5 days | 13 mg CF | 90 min | blood oxygenation level-dependent by fMRI | blood oxygenation in active brain regions fMRI |
4 24–31 | acute | 516 mg CF | 39 mg | before, 2, 4& 6 h | cerebral blood flow increased 60% at 2 h after ingestion | ||
[39] | 30 (17 female) 21.9 ± 0.61 | acute | 520 mg & 994 mg of CF | 46 mg | 90 min | cognitive demand battery | improvement in serial 3 subtraction for all time point at 520 mg but not 994 mg and the same for fatigue improvement. |
[40] | 30 (22 female) 18–25 | acute | 773 mg CF (222 mg theobromine y 35 mg caffeine) | Trace amounts | 2 h | visual contrast sensitivity and memory tasks | visual contrast sensitivity and integration time threshold, no effect on memory tasks |
[37] | 18 (11 female) 10.55 ± 1.45 | chronic (10.11 ± 3.4 days) | 680 mg CF (30 g cocoa) | no flavanol for 15 days. | 4 h | Inflammation markers and short memory tests | decrease plasma endothelin1 and inflammatory mediators. In total, 83% of children showed a marginally significant improvement in one or both short memory tasks |
[38] | 40 (27 female) 24.13 ± 4.47 | acute/chronic (28 days) | 250 mg CF (Tablet with 3 g cocoa) | placebo tablet | 2 h | subtraction, rapid visual processing, and a mental fatigue scale | improved self-reported mental fatigue and performance on the Serial Sevens task |
[35] | 32 (16 female) 25.31 ± 3.60 | acute | 520 mg CF | 88.5 mg CF | 90 min | cognitive functions in sleep deprivation conditions | working memory accuracy is higher only in female after high flavanol chocolate consumption in sleep deprivation conditions than after low flavanol in the same conditions |
[34] | 10 (0 female) 22.6 ± 0.3 | acute | 563 mg CF | 38 mg CF (Energy matched beverage) | 70 min | executive function and memory function (Stroop task, face-name matching) | CF could enhance exercise-induced improvement in executive function, but not in memory function |
[41] | 20 (ND females) 23.2 ± 4.3 | acute | 530 mg CF | Capsules matched for theobromine and caffeine | 2 h | cognition battery and hemodynamic changes and neuronal activity | CF intake improved neurovascular coupling, but did not affect neuronal activity and cognitive performance in both normoxia and hypoxia |
[42] | 48 (24 female) 22.15 ± 0.01 | acute | 747 mg and 37 4 mg CF | alkalinized cocoa | 2 h | cognition and visual functions | CF does not influence temporal attention, but does decrease reaction time in visual search with medium effect size and without losing accuracy |
[36] | 20 (6 female) 20–31 | chronic (30 days) | 24 g/day dark chocolate | White chocolate | 20 h | cognitive function (Stroop and digital cancellation test). Prefrontal CBF | Increased Plasma Nerve Growth Factor, enhancing cognitive function performance |
[43] | 98 (57 female) 20.7 ± 0.18 | acute | 35 g dark chocolate | White chocolate | 2 h | verbal episodic memory | dark chocolate consumption can benefit verbal episodic memory |
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Martín, M.A.; Goya, L.; de Pascual-Teresa, S. Effect of Cocoa and Cocoa Products on Cognitive Performance in Young Adults. Nutrients 2020, 12, 3691. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123691
Martín MA, Goya L, de Pascual-Teresa S. Effect of Cocoa and Cocoa Products on Cognitive Performance in Young Adults. Nutrients. 2020; 12(12):3691. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123691
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartín, María Angeles, Luis Goya, and Sonia de Pascual-Teresa. 2020. "Effect of Cocoa and Cocoa Products on Cognitive Performance in Young Adults" Nutrients 12, no. 12: 3691. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123691
APA StyleMartín, M. A., Goya, L., & de Pascual-Teresa, S. (2020). Effect of Cocoa and Cocoa Products on Cognitive Performance in Young Adults. Nutrients, 12(12), 3691. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123691