Prevention of Acute Upper Respiratory Infections by Consumption of Catechins in Healthcare Workers: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects and Study Design
2.2. Ethical Considerations
2.3. Intervention
2.4. Outcome Assessment and Clinical Monitoring
2.5. Sample Size Calculations
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Subjects
3.2. Incidence of Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infections and Influenza-Like Illness
3.3. Adverse Events
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Contents | Catechin Beverage | Placebo Beverage |
---|---|---|
Catechins (mg) | 57 | 0 |
Epigallocatechin gallate (mg) | 20 | 0 |
Epigallocatechin (mg) | 18 | 0 |
Epicatechin gallate (mg) | 6 | 0 |
Epicatechin (mg) | 5 | 0 |
Gallocatechin (mg) | 4 | 0 |
Gallocatechin gallate (mg) | 2 | 0 |
Catechin gallate (mg) | 1 | 0 |
Catechin (mg) | 1 | 0 |
Caffeine (mg) | 10 | 10 |
Xanthan gum (mg) | 100 | 100 |
Variable | High-Catechin Group (n = 84) | Low-Catechin Group (n = 85) | Placebo Group (n = 86) | p-Value 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex 1 | ||||
Male | 17 (20.2) | 27 (31.8) | 15 (17.4) | n/a |
Female | 67 (79.8) | 58 (68.2) | 71 (82.6) | 0.06 |
Age (years) 2 | 43.1 (1.37) | 43.1 (1.30) | 43.1 (1.27) | 0.98 |
BMI (kg/m2) 2 | 22.9 (0.45) | 23.0 (0.46) | 22.6 (0.39) | 0.75 |
Non-smoker 1 | 64 (76.2) | 70 (82.4) | 70 (81.4) | 0.56 |
Full-time employee 1 | 64 (76.2) | 70 (82.4) | 67 (77.9) | 0.60 |
Daily preventive behavior 1 | ||||
Hand washing 1 | 80 (95.2) | 84 (98.8) | 85 (98.8) | 0.29 |
Hand antisepsis 1 | 54 (64.3) | 55 (64.7) | 51 (59.3) | 0.72 |
Gargling 1 | 50 (59.5) | 47 (55.3) | 49 (57.0) | 0.86 |
Flu vaccination 1 | 83 (98.8) | 79 (92.9) | 82 (95.3) | 0.18 |
Green tea drinking habit 1,4 | 62 (73.8) | 60 (70.6) | 64 (74.4) | 0.83 |
Daily use of public transportation 1 | 19 (22.6) | 16 (18.8) | 18 (11.9) | 0.83 |
Variable | Low-Catechin Group (n = 24) | High-Catechin Group (n = 11) | Placebo Group (n = 23) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Score | p-Value + | Score | p-Value ++ | Score | |
Nasopharyngeal symptoms 1 | 35.5 (16.2–54.8) | 0.04 | 17.2 (4.6–29.7) | 0.02 | 81.0 (40.6–121.4) |
Hypo-pharyngeal symptoms 1 | 33.9 (18.0–49.9) | 0.08 | 33.5 (16.8–50.3) | 0.18 | 62.9 (35.6–90.2) |
Systemic symptoms 1 | 40.8 (23.5–58.0) | 0.79 | 41.8 (8.2–75.5) | 0.89 | 49.4 (23.2–75.6) |
Variable | High-Catechin Group (n = 84) | Low-Catechin Group (n = 85) | Placebo Group (n = 86) |
---|---|---|---|
Total number of adverse events | 24 | 14 | 17 |
Blood clot | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Body pain | 6 | 0 | 2 |
Broken hand bone | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Cervical lymphadenitis | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Dizziness | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Eczema | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Gastrointestinal complaint | 12 | 6 | 7 |
Headache | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Hearing impairment | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Hemorrhoids | 0 | 1 | 0 |
High blood pressure | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Insomnia | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Joint pain | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Nettle rash | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Nosebleed | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Periodontitis | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Polyuria | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Sores mouth | 0 | 1 | 2 |
Sprain | 0 | 1 | 0 |
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Furushima, D.; Nishimura, T.; Takuma, N.; Iketani, R.; Mizuno, T.; Matsui, Y.; Yamaguchi, T.; Nakashima, Y.; Yamamoto, S.; Hibi, M.; et al. Prevention of Acute Upper Respiratory Infections by Consumption of Catechins in Healthcare Workers: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2020, 12, 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010004
Furushima D, Nishimura T, Takuma N, Iketani R, Mizuno T, Matsui Y, Yamaguchi T, Nakashima Y, Yamamoto S, Hibi M, et al. Prevention of Acute Upper Respiratory Infections by Consumption of Catechins in Healthcare Workers: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients. 2020; 12(1):4. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010004
Chicago/Turabian StyleFurushima, Daisuke, Takuma Nishimura, Norikata Takuma, Ryo Iketani, Tomohito Mizuno, Yuji Matsui, Tohru Yamaguchi, Yu Nakashima, Shinji Yamamoto, Masanobu Hibi, and et al. 2020. "Prevention of Acute Upper Respiratory Infections by Consumption of Catechins in Healthcare Workers: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial" Nutrients 12, no. 1: 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010004
APA StyleFurushima, D., Nishimura, T., Takuma, N., Iketani, R., Mizuno, T., Matsui, Y., Yamaguchi, T., Nakashima, Y., Yamamoto, S., Hibi, M., & Yamada, H. (2020). Prevention of Acute Upper Respiratory Infections by Consumption of Catechins in Healthcare Workers: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 12(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010004