Vitamin D Status and Components of Metabolic Syndrome in Older Subjects from Northern Finland (Latitude 65°North)
1
Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Physiology, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
2
Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
3
Biocenter of Oulu, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
4
Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
5
Unit of General Practice, Oulu University Hospital, 90220 Oulu, Finland
6
Department of Genomics of Complex Diseases, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
7
Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
8
Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, 90220 Oulu, Finland
9
Department of Children, Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, 90101 Oulu, Finland
10
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and MRC-PHE Center for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
11
Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nutrients 2019, 11(6), 1229; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11061229
Received: 31 March 2019
/
Revised: 22 May 2019
/
Accepted: 28 May 2019
/
Published: 30 May 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Age-Related Disorders)
Introduction: Vitamin D deficiency has been linked to the increased risk of several chronic diseases, especially in people living in the Northern Latitudes. The aim of this study was to assess the vitamin D status in older subjects born in 1945 in Northern Finland (latitude 65°North), and to examine its associations to components of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we invited 904 subjects born in 1945 from the Oulu region (Oulu45 cohort), out of an original cohort of 1332 subjects. In the cohort, plasma 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels were determined by an enzyme immunoassay of 263 men and 373 women, with a mean age baseline of 69±0.5 years old. We assessed the participants’ usage of vitamin D supplements, as well as their lifestyle factors, using a questionnaire. Results: Nearly 80% of the subjects had low vitamin D levels [either vitamin D deficient (<50 nmol/L) or insufficient (50 – 75 nmol/L)], and only 20% of the participants had sufficient vitamin D levels (>75 nmol/L) (based on the American Endocrine Society guidelines). The low vitamin D status was associated with a high prevalence of MetS; a significantly higher number of subjects with MetS (41%) had low vitamin D levels in comparison to the non-MetS subjects (38%) (p ≤ 0.05). The subjects under vitamin D supplementation had a significantly lower incidence of MetS (42.6% vs 57.4%) and its components in comparison to the non-supplemented subjects (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusions: Low vitamin D levels are a risk factor for MetS amongst other lifestyle factors, such as dietary habits and physical inactivity, among older subjects in the Northern Latitudes (65°North). Optimal supplementation of vitamin D, along with rich dietary sources of vitamin D, are highly recommended for older subjects as a means to positively affect, e.g., hypertension, insulin resistance, and obesity, as components of the MetS.
View Full-Text
Keywords:
aging; vitamin D status; 25OHD; vitamin D supplementation; insulin resistance; HOMA; HDL cholesterol; LDL cholesterol; blood pressure; metabolic syndrome
▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
MDPI and ACS Style
Mutt, S.J.; Jokelainen, J.; Sebert, S.; Auvinen, J.; Järvelin, M.-R.; Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, S.; Herzig, K.-H. Vitamin D Status and Components of Metabolic Syndrome in Older Subjects from Northern Finland (Latitude 65°North). Nutrients 2019, 11, 1229. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11061229
AMA Style
Mutt SJ, Jokelainen J, Sebert S, Auvinen J, Järvelin M-R, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S, Herzig K-H. Vitamin D Status and Components of Metabolic Syndrome in Older Subjects from Northern Finland (Latitude 65°North). Nutrients. 2019; 11(6):1229. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11061229
Chicago/Turabian StyleMutt, Shivaprakash J., Jari Jokelainen, Sylvain Sebert, Juha Auvinen, Marjo-Riitta Järvelin, Sirkka Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, and Karl-Heinz Herzig. 2019. "Vitamin D Status and Components of Metabolic Syndrome in Older Subjects from Northern Finland (Latitude 65°North)" Nutrients 11, no. 6: 1229. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11061229
Find Other Styles
Note that from the first issue of 2016, MDPI journals use article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.
