Aspects of Dietary Diversity Differ in Their Association with Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk in a Racially Diverse US Adult Population
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) Study Population
2.2. Dietary Method
2.3. Diversity Measurements
2.4. Diet Quality Measures
2.5. Demographic and Health-Related Measures
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Population Characteristics
3.2. Dietary Characteristics
4. Discussions
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Race | Income | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AA n = 1259 | W n = 807 | p | <125% Poverty n = 842 | >125% Poverty n = 1224 | p | |
Age, year | 56.7 ± 0.3 | 56.6 ± 0.3 | 0.875 | 56.0 ± 0.3 | 57.1 ± 0.3 | 0.008 |
Sex, % female | 59.1 | 58.9 | 0.916 | 63.4 | 56.0 | 0.001 |
Education, % <high school | 30.9 | 32.7 | 0.386 | 32.3 | 31.1 | 0.572 |
Food Insecurity, % insecure1 | 27.1 n = 1125 | 24.2 n = 744 | 0.159 | 31.3 n = 739 | 22.5 n = 1130 | <0.001 |
Energy, kcal | 1948 ± 23 | 1992 ± 29 | 0.237 | 1945 ± 29 | 1979 ± 23 | 0.350 |
Diversity: Count | 0.4446 | 0.4445 | 0.934 | 0.4287 | 0.4558 | <0.001 |
Diversity: Evenness (HFBI) | 0.1284 | 0.1285 | 0.700 | 0.1277 | 0.1290 | 0.295 |
Diversity: Evenness (BI) | 0.8078 | 0.8093 | 0.824 | 0.8034 | 0.8119 | 0.007 |
Diversity: Dissimilarity2 | 0.8063 | 0.7944 | <0.001 | 0.8056 | 0.7990 | 0.056 |
Mean Nutrient Adequacy | 73.1 ± 0.4 | 75.2 ± 0.5 | 0.001 | 72.6 ± 0.5 | 74.8 ± 0.4 | 0.001 |
DASH score | 1.90 ± 0.03 | 2.25 ± 0.04 | <0.001 | 1.94 ± 0.04 | 2.11 ± 0.04 | 0.001 |
DASH, % adherent3 | 4.1 | 5.8 | 0.064 | 3.8 | 5.4 | 0.094 |
ASCVD risk, % | 56.2 ± 0.3 n = 778 | 56.3 ± 0.3 n = 536 | 0.864 | 55.5 ± 0.4 n = 509 | 56.7 ± 0.3 n = 805 | 0.012 |
Food Group | Mean Equivalents | Food Group | Mean Equivalents |
---|---|---|---|
Total Fruit | 0.126 cup | Total Protein foods | 2.129 oz |
Citrus, melons, berries | 0.032 cup | Total Meat, poultry, fish1 | 1.488 oz |
Other fruits | 0.065 cup | Meat | 0.181 oz |
Juices | 0.030 cup | Cured meat1 | 0.466 oz |
Total vegetables | 0.767 cup | Organ meat1 | 0.006 oz |
Dark green | 0.125 cup | Poultry | 0.757 oz |
Total red and orange | 0.212 cup | Seafood high in n-3 fatty acids | 0.014 oz |
Total starchy | 0.051 cup | Seafood low in n-3 fatty acids | 0.064 oz |
Other vegetables | 0.368 cup | Eggs | 0.065 oz |
Legumes | 0.010 cup | Soy products | 0.012 oz |
Total grains | 1.360 oz | Nuts and seeds | 0.564 oz |
Whole grains | 0.238 oz | ||
Refined grains | 1.122 oz | Oils | 20.120 g |
Total Dairy | 2.990 cup | ||
Milk | 0.138 cup | Solid fats1 | 45.571 g |
Yogurt | 0.001 cup | Sugars + Beverages1,2 | 26.648 tsp |
Cheese | 2.845 cup | Alcoholic drinks1 | 0.009 drinks |
Food Group | Energy, % Total1 | Race | Income | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AA | W | p | <125% Poverty | >125% Poverty | p | ||
Total grains | 32.16 | 0.7077 | 0.7088 | 0.8392 | 0.6900 | 0.7206 | <0.0001 |
Total protein foods2 | 27.33 | 0.3344 | 0.3197 | <0.0001 | 0.3207 | 0.3342 | 0.0015 |
Total vegetables | 8.80 | 0.4558 | 0.4539 | 0.7581 | 0.4305 | 0.472 | <0.0001 |
Total dairy | 8.31 | 0.4617 | 0.5118 | <0.0001 | 0.4677 | 0.4906 | 0.0035 |
Total fruit | 3.65 | 0.3119 | 0.3036 | 0.1958 | 0.2819 | 0.3271 | <0.0001 |
Oils | 2.04 | 0.9805 | 0.9734 | 0.1269 | 0.9762 | 0.9788 | 0.5909 |
Covariate | Estimate | SE | p |
---|---|---|---|
Education (<high school vs. ≥high school) | −0.458 | 0.467 | 0.327 |
Energy per kg body weight | −0.033 | 0.023 | 0.148 |
Food security (insecure vs. secure) 1 | 2.615 | 0.53 | <0.001 |
Income (>125% poverty vs. <125% poverty) | 0.848 | 0.468 | 0.07 |
Count | 11.746 | 2.666 | <0.001 |
Evenness—Health Factor-adjusted Berry Index | 9.055 | 4.736 | 0.056 |
Dissimilarity2 | −6.301 | 3.051 | 0.039 |
Mean Adequacy Ratio | −0.127 | 0.022 | <0.001 |
Covariate | Estimate | SE | p |
---|---|---|---|
Education (<high school vs. ≥high school) | −0.536 | 0.472 | 0.256 |
Energy per kg body weight | −0.101 | 0.02 | <0.001 |
Food security (insecure vs. secure) 1 | 2.442 | 0.535 | <0.001 |
Income (>125% poverty vs. <125% poverty) | 0.748 | 0.474 | 0.115 |
Count | 5.289 | 2.427 | 0.030 |
Evenness- Health Factor-adjusted Berry Index | 8.146 | 4.861 | 0.094 |
Dissimilarity 2 | −8.875 | 3.25 | 0.006 |
DASH score 3 | −0.395 | 0.216 | 0.067 |
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Fanelli Kuczmarski, M.; Brewer, B.C.; Rawal, R.; Pohlig, R.T.; Zonderman, A.B.; Evans, M.K. Aspects of Dietary Diversity Differ in Their Association with Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk in a Racially Diverse US Adult Population. Nutrients 2019, 11, 1034. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051034
Fanelli Kuczmarski M, Brewer BC, Rawal R, Pohlig RT, Zonderman AB, Evans MK. Aspects of Dietary Diversity Differ in Their Association with Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk in a Racially Diverse US Adult Population. Nutrients. 2019; 11(5):1034. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051034
Chicago/Turabian StyleFanelli Kuczmarski, Marie, Benjamin C. Brewer, Rita Rawal, Ryan T. Pohlig, Alan B. Zonderman, and Michele K. Evans. 2019. "Aspects of Dietary Diversity Differ in Their Association with Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk in a Racially Diverse US Adult Population" Nutrients 11, no. 5: 1034. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051034