Examining the Nutritional Quality of Canadian Packaged Foods and Beverages with and without Nutrition Claims
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Assessment of the Nutritional Quality of Foods Using a Nutrient Profiling System
2.2.1. Justification for the Use of the FSANZ-NPSC as a Method for Assessing Nutritional Quality
2.2.2. Applying the FSANZ-NPSC to the FLIP Database
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Analyis of Foods and Beverages with and without Nutrition Claims that Would Not Be Eligible to Carry Claims (as Determined by the FSANZ-NPSC)
3.1.1. Overall Nutritional Quality of Products in FLIP 2013
3.1.2. Analysis of the Nutritional Quality of Foods in FLIP 2013, by Type of Claim
3.1.3. Analysis of the Nutritional Quality of Foods in FLIP 2013, by Food Category
3.2. Nutritional Composition of Foods and Beverages with and without Nutrition Claims
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Health Canada. Nutrition Claims. Available online: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/label-etiquet/nutrition/cons/claims-reclam/index-eng.php (accessed on 10 May 2018).
- Hieke, S.; Kuljanic, N.; Pravst, I.; Miklavec, K.; Kaur, A.; Brown, K.A.; Egan, B.M.; Pfeifer, K.; Gracia, A.; Rayner, M. Prevalence of nutrition and health-related claims on pre-packaged foods: A five-country study in Europe. Nutrients 2016, 8, 137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Al-Ani, H.H.; Devi, A.; Eyles, H.; Swinburn, B.; Vandevijvere, S. Nutrition and health claims on healthy and less-healthy packaged food products in New Zealand. Br. J. Nutr. 2016, 116, 1087–1094. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Franco-Arellano, B.; Bernstein, J.T.; Norsen, S.; Schermel, A.; L’Abbé, M.R. Assessing nutrition and other claims on food labels: A repeated cross-sectional analysis of the canadian food supply. BMC Nutr. 2017, 3, 74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ni Mhurchu, C.; Brown, R.; Jiang, Y.; Eyles, H.; Dunford, E.; Neal, B. Nutrient profile of 23 596 packaged supermarket foods and non-alcoholic beverages in Australia and New Zealand. Public Health Nutr. 2016, 19, 401–408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Taillie, L.S.; Ng, S.W.; Xue, Y.; Busey, E.; Harding, M. No fat, no sugar, no salt…No problem? Prevalence of “low-content” nutrient claims and their associations with the nutritional profile of food and beverage purchases in the United States. J. Acad. Nutr. Diet. 2017, 117, 1366–1374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pravst, I.; Kušar, A. Consumers’ exposure to nutrition and health claims on pre-packed foods: Use of sales weighting for assessing the food supply in Slovenia. Nutrients 2015, 7, 9353–9368. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- CODEX Alimentarius. Guidelines for Use of Nutrition and Health Claims (cac/gl 23-1997); Joint FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission: Rome, Italy, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Kaur, A.; Scarborough, P.; Matthews, A.; Payne, S.; Mizdrak, A.; Rayner, M. How many foods in the UK carry health and nutrition claims, and are they healthier than those that do not? Public Health Nutr. 2016, 19, 988–997. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kaur, A.; Scarborough, P.; Hieke, S.; Kusar, A.; Pravst, I.; Raats, M.; Rayner, M. The nutritional quality of foods carrying health-related claims in Germany, The Netherlands, Spain, Slovenia and the United Kingdom. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2016, 70, 1462. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nieto, C.; Rincon-Gallardo Patiño, S.; Tolentino-Mayo, L.; Carriedo, A.; Barquera, S. Characterization of breakfast cereals available in the mexican market: Sodium and sugar content. Nutrients 2017, 9, 884. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rayner, M.; Wood, A.; Lawrence, M.; Mhurchu, C.N.; Albert, J.; Barquera, S.; Friel, S.; Hawkes, C.; Kelly, B.; Kumanyika, S.; et al. Monitoring the health-related labelling of foods and non-alcoholic beverages in retail settings. Obes. Rev. 2013, 14 (Suppl. 1), 70–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Talati, Z.; Pettigrew, S.; Neal, B.; Dixon, H.; Hughes, C.; Kelly, B.; Miller, C. Consumers’ responses to health claims in the context of other on-pack nutrition information: A systematic review. Nutr. Rev. 2017, 75, 260–273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kaur, A.; Scarborough, P.; Rayner, M. A systematic review, and meta-analyses, of the impact of health-related claims on dietary choices. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2017, 14, 93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Roe, B.; Levy, A.S.; Brenda, M.; Derby, B.M. The impact of health claims on consumer search and product evaluation outcomes: Results from fda experimental data. J. Public Policy Mark. 1999, 18, 89–105. [Google Scholar]
- Iles, I.A.; Nan, X.; Verrill, L. Nutrient content claims: How they impact perceived healthfulness of fortified snack foods and the moderating effects of nutrition facts labels. Health Commun. 2017, 18, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Van Trijp, H.C.; van der Lans, I.A. Consumer perceptions of nutrition and health claims. Appetite 2007, 48, 305–324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Talati, Z.; Pettigrew, S.; Dixon, H.; Neal, B.; Ball, K.; Hughes, C. Do health claims and front-of-pack labels lead to a positivity bias in unhealthy foods? Nutrients 2016, 8, 787. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code. Standard 1.2.7–Nutrition, Health and Related Claims. Available online: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2017C01048 (accessed on 11 May 2018).
- Government of Canada. Food and Drugs Act. Available online: http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/f-27/ (accessed on 11 May 2018).
- Government of Canada. Regulations Amending the Food and Drug Regulations (Nutrition Labelling, Nutrient Content Claims and Health Claims). Available online: http://publications.gc.ca/gazette/archives/p2/2003/2003-01-01/pdf/g2-13701.pdf (accessed on 19 June 2018).
- Pongutta, S.; Chongwatpol, P.; Tantayapirak, P.; Vandevijvere, S. Declaration of nutrition information on and nutritional quality of thai ready-to-eat packaged food products. Public Health Nutr. 2018, 21, 1409–1417. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Health Canada. Health Claims. Available online: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/label-etiquet/claims-reclam/index-eng.php (accessed on 10 May 2018).
- Health Canada. Latest List of Health Claims Reviewed and Accepted. Available online: https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/food-nutrition/food-labelling/health-claims/assessments.html (accessed on 9 May 2018).
- Health Canada. Other Claims. Available online: https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/understanding-food-labels/nutrition-claims.html (accessed on 17 November 2017).
- The National Academies of Sciences Engineering Medicine (Formerly Institute of Medicine). Examination of Front-of-Package nutrition Rating Systems and Symbols: Phase I Report. Available online: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12957/examination-of-front-of-package-nutrition-rating-systems-and-symbols (accessed on 10 May 2018).
- Emrich, T.E.; Qi, Y.; Mendoza, J.E.; Lou, W.; Cohen, J.E.; L’abbé, M.R. Consumer perceptions of the nutrition facts table and front-of-pack nutrition rating systems. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 2014, 39, 417–424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Roberto, C.A.; Bragg, M.A.; Schwartz, M.B.; Seamans, M.J.; Musicus, A.; Novak, N.; Brownell, K.D. Facts up front versus traffic light food labels: A randomized controlled trial. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2012, 43, 134–141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Miller, L.M.; Cassady, D.L.; Beckett, L.A.; Applegate, E.A.; Wilson, M.D.; Gibson, T.N.; Ellwood, K. Misunderstanding of front-of-package nutrition information on US food products. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0125306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Colby, S.E.; Johnson, L.; Scheett, A.; Hoverson, B. Nutrition marketing on food labels. J. Nutr. Educ. Behav. 2010, 42, 92–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Emrich, T.E.; Qi, Y.; Cohen, J.E.; Lou, W.Y.; L’Abbe, M.L. Front-of-pack symbols are not a reliable indicator of products with healthier nutrient profiles. Appetite 2015, 84, 148–153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Schermel, A.; Emrich, T.E.; Arcand, J.; Wong, C.L.; L’Abbé, M.R. Nutrition marketing on processed food packages in Canada: 2010 food label information program. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 2013, 38, 666–672. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Government of Canada. Regulations Amending Certain Regulations Made under the Food and Drugs Act (Nutrition Symbols, Other Labelling Provisions, Partially Hydrogenated Oils and Vitamin D). Available online: http://www.gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p1/2018/2018-02-10/pdf/g1-15206.pdf (accessed on 15 February 2018).
- Christoforou, A.; Dachner, N.; Mendelson, R.; Tarasuk, V. Front-of-package nutrition references are positively associated with food processing. Public Health Nutr. 2018, 21, 58–67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bernstein, J.T.; Schermel, A.; Mills, C.M.; L’Abbe, M.R. Total and free sugar content of Canadian prepackaged foods and beverages. Nutrients 2016, 8, 582. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Health Canada. Canadian Nutrient File. Available online: http://www.healthcanada.gc.ca/cnf (accessed on 10 May 2018).
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Information within the Nutrition Facts Table-Reference Amounts. Available online: http://inspection.gc.ca/food/labelling/food-labelling-for-industry/nutrition-labelling/nutrition-facts-table/eng/1389198568400/1389198597278?chap=4 (accessed on 28 May 2018).
- World Health Organization. Nutrient Profiling. Available online: http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/profiling/WHO_IASO_report2010/en/ (accessed on 19 June 2018).
- Scarborough, P.; Rayner, M. When Nutrient Profiling Can (and Cannot) Be Useful. Public Health Nutr. 2014, 17, 2637–2640. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bernstein, J.T.; Franco-Arellano, B.; Schermel, A.; Labonté, M.; L’Abbé, M.R. Healthfulness and nutritional composition of Canadian prepackaged foods with and without sugar claims. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 2017, 42, 1217–1224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Implementation Subcommittee for Food Regulation. Schedule 5 Nutrient Profiling Scoring Method. Available online: http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/code/Documents/Sched 5 NPSC method v159.pdf (accessed on 10 October 2017).
- Hughes, C.; Wellard, L.; Lin, J.; Suen, K.L.; Chapman, K. Regulating Health Claims on Food Labels Using Nutrient Profiling: What Will The Proposed Standard Mean in the Australian Supermarket? Public Health Nutr. 2013, 16, 2154–2161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hoefkens, C.; Verbeke, W. Consumers’ Health-Related Motive Orientations and Reactions to Claims about Dietary Calcium. Nutrients 2013, 5, 82–96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Chandon, P.; Wansink, B. Does food marketing need to make us fat? A review and solutions. Nutr. Rev. 2012, 70, 571–593. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Buttriss, J.L. Nutrition and health claims in practice. Nutr. Bull. 2015, 40, 211–222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Labonté, M.; Poon, T.; Mulligan, C.; Bernstein, J.T.; Franco-Arellano, B.; L’Abbé, M.R. Comparison of global nutrient profiling systems for restricting the commercial marketing of foods and beverages of low nutritional quality to children in Canada. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2017, 106, 1471–1481. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Jensen, J.D.; Sommer, I. Reducing calorie sales from supermarkets-‘silent’ reformulation of retailer-brand food products. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2017, 14, 104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ni Mhurchu, C.; Eyles, H.; Choi, Y.H. Effects of a voluntary front-of-pack nutrition labelling system on packaged food reformulation: The health star rating system in New Zealand. Nutrients 2017, 9, 918. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Government of Chile-Ministry of Health [Ministerio de Salud de Chile]. Assessment of the implementation of law 20606 [Informe de Evaluation de la Implementacion de la ley Sobre Composicion Nutricional de los Alimentos y su Publicidad]. Available online: http://www.minsal.cl/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Informe-evaluación-implementación-Ley-20606-Enero-2017.pdf (accessed on 11 May 2018).
- Scrinis, G. On the ideology of nutritionism. Gastronomica 2008, 8, 39–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Implementation Subcommittee for Food Regulation. Getting Your Claims Right—A Guide to Complying with the Nutrition, Health and Related Claims Standard of the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code. Available online: http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/publications/Documents/FINAL-ISFR Health Claims.pdf (accessed on 10 May 2018).
- Wellard, L.; Hughes, C.; Watson, W.L. Investigating nutrient profiling and health star ratings on core dairy products in Australia. Public Health Nutr. 2016, 19, 2860–2865. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pulker, C.E.; Scott, J.A.; Pollard, C.M. Ultra-processed family foods in australia: Nutrition claims, health claims and marketing techniques. Public Health Nutr. 2017, 21, 38–48. [Google Scholar]
Schedule M Food Category | All Products | Nutrition Claims (Present) | Nutrition Claims (Absent) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | Eligible | Not Eligible | n | Eligible | Not Eligible | |||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |||||
Bakery Products | 2083 | 13.7% | 1004 | 399 | 39.7% | 605 | 60.3% | 1079 | 175 | 16.2% | 904 | 83.8% |
Beverages | 481 | 3.2% | 231 | 148 | 64.1% | 83 | 35.9% | 250 | 69 | 27.6% | 181 | 72.4% |
Cereals and Other Grain Products | 981 | 6.5% | 568 | 430 | 75.7% | 138 | 24.3% | 413 | 368 | 89.1% | 45 | 10.9% |
Dairy Products and Substitutes | 1237 | 8.1% | 791 | 537 | 67.9% | 254 | 32.1% | 446 | 134 | 30.0% | 312 | 70.0% |
Desserts | 827 | 5.4% | 384 | 155 | 40.4% | 229 | 59.6% | 443 | 38 | 8.6% | 405 | 91.4% |
Dessert Toppings and Fillings | 115 | 0.8% | 20 | 6 | 30.0% | 14 | 70.0% | 95 | 6 | 6.3% | 89 | 93.7% |
Egg and Egg Substitutes | 56 | 0.4% | 30 | 30 | 100.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 26 | 23 | 88.5% | 3 | 11.5% |
Fats and Oils | 535 | 3.5% | 277 | 87 | 31.4% | 190 | 68.6% | 258 | 104 | 40.3% | 154 | 59.7% |
Marine and Fresh Water Animals | 440 | 2.9% | 209 | 168 | 80.4% | 41 | 19.6% | 231 | 172 | 74.5% | 59 | 25.5% |
Fruit and Fruit Juices | 1088 | 7.2% | 746 | 532 | 71.3% | 214 | 28.7% | 342 | 202 | 59.1% | 140 | 40.9% |
Legumes | 180 | 1.2% | 98 | 97 | 99.0% | 1 | 1.0% | 82 | 82 | 100.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
Meat, Poultry, Their Products and Substitutes | 895 | 5.9% | 312 | 159 | 51.0% | 153 | 49.0% | 583 | 90 | 15.4% | 493 | 84.6% |
Miscellaneous category | 449 | 3.0% | 137 | 26 | 19.0% | 111 | 81.0% | 312 | 48 | 15.4% | 264 | 84.6% |
Combination Dishes | 1348 | 8.9% | 514 | 386 | 75.1% | 128 | 24.9% | 834 | 425 | 51.0% | 409 | 49.0% |
Nuts and Seeds | 220 | 1.4% | 116 | 82 | 70.7% | 34 | 29.3% | 104 | 85 | 81.7% | 19 | 18.3% |
Potatoes, Sweet Potatoes and Yams | 140 | 0.9% | 75 | 68 | 90.7% | 7 | 9.3% | 65 | 34 | 52.3% | 31 | 47.7% |
Salads | 70 | 0.5% | 27 | 24 | 88.9% | 3 | 11.1% | 43 | 29 | 67.4% | 14 | 32.6% |
Sauces, Dips, Gravies and Condiments | 1223 | 8.1% | 238 | 106 | 44.5% | 132 | 55.5% | 985 | 261 | 26.5% | 724 | 73.5% |
Snacks | 794 | 5.2% | 478 | 150 | 31.4% | 328 | 68.6% | 316 | 74 | 23.4% | 242 | 76.6% |
Soups | 455 | 3.0% | 262 | 167 | 63.7% | 95 | 36.3% | 193 | 64 | 33.2% | 129 | 66.8% |
Sugars and Sweets | 739 | 4.9% | 147 | 23 | 15.6% | 124 | 84.4% | 592 | 4 | 0.7% | 588 | 99.3% |
Vegetables | 828 | 5.5% | 326 | 280 | 85.9% | 46 | 14.1% | 502 | 306 | 61.0% | 196 | 39.0% |
Total | 15,184 | 100.0% | 6990 | 4060 | 58.1% | 2930 | 41.9% | 8194 | 2793 | 34.1% | 5401 | 65.9% |
Schedule M Food Category | All Products | Nutrient Content Claims (Present) | Nutrient Content Claims (Absent) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | Eligible | Not Eligible | n | Eligible | Not Eligible | |||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |||||
Bakery Products | 2083 | 13.7% | 896 | 364 | 40.6% | 532 | 59.4% | 1187 | 210 | 17.7% | 977 | 82.3% |
Beverages | 481 | 3.2% | 175 | 138 | 78.9% | 37 | 21.1% | 306 | 79 | 25.8% | 227 | 74.2% |
Cereals and Other Grain Products | 981 | 6.5% | 533 | 400 | 75.0% | 133 | 25.0% | 448 | 398 | 88.8% | 50 | 11.2% |
Dairy Products and Substitutes | 1237 | 8.1% | 764 | 527 | 69.0% | 237 | 31.0% | 473 | 144 | 30.4% | 329 | 69.6% |
Desserts | 827 | 5.4% | 348 | 147 | 42.2% | 201 | 57.8% | 479 | 46 | 9.6% | 433 | 90.4% |
Dessert Toppings and Fillings | 115 | 0.8% | 20 | 6 | 30.0% | 14 | 70.0% | 95 | 6 | 6.3% | 89 | 93.7% |
Egg and Egg Substitutes | 56 | 0.4% | 27 | 27 | 100.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 29 | 26 | 89.7% | 3 | 10.3% |
Fats and Oils | 535 | 3.5% | 272 | 85 | 31.3% | 187 | 68.8% | 263 | 106 | 40.3% | 157 | 59.7% |
Marine and Fresh Water Animals | 440 | 2.9% | 197 | 156 | 79.2% | 41 | 20.8% | 243 | 184 | 75.7% | 59 | 24.3% |
Fruit and Fruit Juices | 1088 | 7.2% | 714 | 514 | 72.0% | 200 | 28.0% | 374 | 220 | 58.8% | 154 | 41.2% |
Legumes | 180 | 1.2% | 96 | 95 | 99.0% | 1 | 1.0% | 84 | 84 | 100.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
Meat, Poultry, Their Products and Substitutes | 895 | 5.9% | 308 | 156 | 50.6% | 152 | 49.4% | 587 | 93 | 15.8% | 494 | 84.2% |
Miscellaneous category | 449 | 3.0% | 132 | 24 | 18.2% | 108 | 81.8% | 317 | 50 | 15.8% | 267 | 84.2% |
Combination Dishes | 1348 | 8.9% | 459 | 333 | 72.5% | 126 | 27.5% | 889 | 478 | 53.8% | 411 | 46.2% |
Nuts and Seeds | 220 | 1.4% | 116 | 82 | 70.7% | 34 | 29.3% | 104 | 85 | 81.7% | 19 | 18.3% |
Potatoes, Sweet Potatoes and Yams | 140 | 0.9% | 73 | 66 | 90.4% | 7 | 9.6% | 67 | 36 | 53.7% | 31 | 46.3% |
Salads | 70 | 0.5% | 26 | 23 | 88.5% | 3 | 11.5% | 44 | 30 | 68.2% | 14 | 31.8% |
Sauces, Dips, Gravies and Condiments | 1223 | 8.1% | 228 | 99 | 43.4% | 129 | 56.6% | 995 | 268 | 26.9% | 727 | 73.1% |
Snacks | 794 | 5.2% | 449 | 147 | 32.7% | 302 | 67.3% | 345 | 77 | 22.3% | 268 | 77.7% |
Soups | 455 | 3.0% | 256 | 162 | 63.3% | 94 | 36.7% | 199 | 69 | 34.7% | 130 | 65.3% |
Sugars and Sweets | 739 | 4.9% | 127 | 23 | 18.1% | 104 | 81.9% | 612 | 4 | 0.7% | 608 | 99.3% |
Vegetables | 828 | 5.5% | 285 | 240 | 84.2% | 45 | 15.8% | 543 | 346 | 63.7% | 197 | 36.3% |
Total | 15,184 | 100.0% | 6501 | 3814 | 58.7% | 2687 | 41.3% | 8683 | 3039 | 35.0% | 5644 | 65.0% |
Schedule M Food Category | All Products | Disease Risk Reduction Claims (Present) | Disease Risk Reduction Claims (Absent) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | Eligible | Not Eligible | n | Eligible | Not Eligible | |||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |||||
Bakery Products | 2083 | 13.7% | 23 | 14 | 60.9% | 9 | 39.1% | 2060 | 560 | 27.2% | 1500 | 72.8% |
Beverages | 481 | 3.2% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 481 | 217 | 45.1% | 264 | 54.9% |
Cereals and Other Grain Products | 981 | 6.5% | 82 | 53 | 64.6% | 29 | 35.4% | 899 | 745 | 82.9% | 154 | 17.1% |
Dairy Products and Substitutes | 1237 | 8.1% | 5 | 4 | 80.0% | 1 | 20.0% | 1232 | 667 | 54.1% | 565 | 45.9% |
Desserts | 827 | 5.4% | 2 | 2 | 100.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 825 | 191 | 23.2% | 634 | 76.8% |
Dessert Toppings and Fillings | 115 | 0.8% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 115 | 12 | 10.4% | 103 | 89.6% |
Egg and Egg Substitutes | 56 | 0.4% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 56 | 53 | 94.6% | 3 | 5.4% |
Fats and Oils | 535 | 3.5% | 20 | 20 | 100.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 515 | 171 | 33.2% | 344 | 66.8% |
Marine and Fresh Water Animals | 440 | 2.9% | 2 | 2 | 100.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 438 | 338 | 77.2% | 100 | 22.8% |
Fruit and Fruit Juices | 1088 | 7.2% | 44 | 37 | 84.1% | 7 | 15.9% | 1044 | 697 | 66.8% | 347 | 33.2% |
Legumes | 180 | 1.2% | 5 | 5 | 100.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 175 | 174 | 99.4% | 1 | 0.6% |
Meat, Poultry, Their Products and Substitutes | 895 | 5.9% | 1 | 1 | 100.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 894 | 248 | 27.7% | 646 | 72.3% |
Miscellaneous category | 449 | 3.0% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 449 | 74 | 16.5% | 375 | 83.5% |
Combination Dishes | 1348 | 8.9% | 1 | 1 | 100.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 1347 | 810 | 60.1% | 537 | 39.9% |
Nuts and Seeds | 220 | 1.4% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 220 | 167 | 75.9% | 53 | 24.1% |
Potatoes, Sweet Potatoes and Yams | 140 | 0.9% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 140 | 102 | 72.9% | 38 | 27.1% |
Salads | 70 | 0.5% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 70 | 53 | 75.7% | 17 | 24.3% |
Sauces, Dips, Gravies and Condiments | 1223 | 8.1% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 1223 | 367 | 30.0% | 856 | 70.0% |
Snacks | 794 | 5.2% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 794 | 224 | 28.2% | 570 | 71.8% |
Soups | 455 | 3.0% | 13 | 12 | 92.3% | 1 | 7.7% | 442 | 219 | 49.5% | 223 | 50.5% |
Sugars and Sweets | 739 | 4.9% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 739 | 27 | 3.7% | 712 | 96.3% |
Vegetables | 828 | 5.5% | 28 | 26 | 92.9% | 2 | 7.1% | 800 | 560 | 70.0% | 240 | 30.0% |
Total | 15,184 | 100.0% | 226 | 177 | 78.3% | 49 | 21.7% | 14,958 | 6676 | 44.6% | 8282 | 55.4% |
Schedule M Food Category | All Products | Front-of-Pack Symbols (Present) | Front-of-Pack Symbols (Absent) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | Eligible | Not Eligible | n | Eligible | Not Eligible | |||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |||||
Bakery Products | 2083 | 13.7% | 484 | 204 | 42.1% | 280 | 57.9% | 1599 | 370 | 23.1% | 1229 | 76.9% |
Beverages | 481 | 3.2% | 122 | 54 | 44.3% | 68 | 55.7% | 359 | 163 | 45.4% | 196 | 54.6% |
Cereals and Other Grain Products | 981 | 6.5% | 335 | 246 | 73.4% | 89 | 26.6% | 646 | 552 | 85.4% | 94 | 14.6% |
Dairy Products and Substitutes | 1237 | 8.1% | 197 | 145 | 73.6% | 52 | 26.4% | 1040 | 526 | 50.6% | 514 | 49.4% |
Desserts | 827 | 5.4% | 185 | 78 | 42.2% | 107 | 57.8% | 642 | 115 | 17.9% | 527 | 82.1% |
Dessert Toppings and Fillings | 115 | 0.8% | 5 | 3 | 60.0% | 2 | 40.0% | 110 | 9 | 8.2% | 101 | 91.8% |
Egg and Egg Substitutes | 56 | 0.4% | 25 | 25 | 100.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 31 | 28 | 90.3% | 3 | 9.7% |
Fats and Oils | 535 | 3.5% | 92 | 31 | 33.7% | 61 | 66.3% | 443 | 160 | 36.1% | 283 | 63.9% |
Marine and Fresh Water Animals | 440 | 2.9% | 51 | 49 | 96.1% | 2 | 3.9% | 389 | 291 | 74.8% | 98 | 25.2% |
Fruit and Fruit Juices | 1088 | 7.2% | 463 | 350 | 75.6% | 113 | 24.4% | 625 | 384 | 61.4% | 241 | 38.6% |
Legumes | 180 | 1.2% | 38 | 38 | 100.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 142 | 141 | 99.3% | 1 | 0.7% |
Meat, Poultry, Their Products and Substitutes | 895 | 5.9% | 116 | 92 | 79.3% | 24 | 20.7% | 779 | 157 | 20.2% | 622 | 79.8% |
Miscellaneous category | 449 | 3.0% | 21 | 5 | 23.8% | 16 | 76.2% | 428 | 69 | 16.1% | 359 | 83.9% |
Combination Dishes | 1348 | 8.9% | 287 | 241 | 84.0% | 46 | 16.0% | 1061 | 570 | 53.7% | 491 | 46.3% |
Nuts and Seeds | 220 | 1.4% | 31 | 24 | 77.4% | 7 | 22.6% | 189 | 143 | 75.7% | 46 | 24.3% |
Potatoes, Sweet Potatoes and Yams | 140 | 0.9% | 24 | 19 | 79.2% | 5 | 20.8% | 116 | 83 | 71.6% | 33 | 28.4% |
Salads | 70 | 0.5% | 9 | 9 | 100.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 61 | 44 | 72.1% | 17 | 27.9% |
Sauces, Dips, Gravies and Condiments | 1223 | 8.1% | 66 | 42 | 63.6% | 24 | 36.4% | 1157 | 325 | 28.1% | 832 | 71.9% |
Snacks | 794 | 5.2% | 177 | 54 | 30.5% | 123 | 69.5% | 617 | 170 | 27.6% | 447 | 72.4% |
Soups | 455 | 3.0% | 123 | 76 | 61.8% | 47 | 38.2% | 332 | 155 | 46.7% | 177 | 53.3% |
Sugars and Sweets | 739 | 4.9% | 40 | 5 | 12.5% | 35 | 87.5% | 699 | 22 | 3.1% | 677 | 96.9% |
Vegetables | 828 | 5.5% | 165 | 156 | 94.5% | 9 | 5.5% | 663 | 430 | 64.9% | 233 | 35.1% |
Total | 15,184 | 100.0% | 3056 | 1946 | 63.7% | 1110 | 36.3% | 12,128 | 4907 | 40.5% | 7221 | 59.5% |
Nutrient | Presence of Claim | Nutrition Claims | Nutrient Content Claims | Disease Risk Reduction Claims | Front-of-Pack Symbols | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Mean | SD | p | n | Mean | SD | p | n | Mean | SD | p | n | Mean | SD | p | ||
Energy (Kcal per 100 g/mL) | Claim | 6990 | 235 | 179 | p < 0.001 | 6501 | 236 | 180 | p < 0.001 | 226 | 253 | 200 | p = 0.954 | 3056 | 219 | 173 | p < 0.001 |
No Claim | 8194 | 270 | 174 | 8683 | 267 | 174 | 14,958 | 254 | 177 | 12,128 | 263 | 177 | |||||
Saturated Fat (g per 100 g/mL) | Claim | 6990 | 2.4 | 6.2 | p < 0.001 | 6501 | 2.3 | 4.7 | p < 0.001 | 226 | 1.3 | 2.5 | p < 0.001 | 3056 | 1.8 | 6.9 | p < 0.001 |
No Claim | 8194 | 4.2 | 6.4 | 8683 | 4.2 | 7.3 | 14,958 | 3.4 | 6.4 | 12,128 | 3.8 | 6.2 | |||||
Sodium (mg per 100 g/mL) | Claim | 6990 | 441 | 1055 | p < 0.001 | 6501 | 455 | 1090 | p < 0.001 | 226 | 231 | 276 | p < 0.001 | 3056 | 328 | 595 | p < 0.001 |
No Claim | 8194 | 731 | 2170 | 8683 | 704 | 2112 | 14,958 | 603 | 1766 | 12,128 | 665 | 1933 | |||||
Sugar (g per 100 g/mL) | Claim | 6990 | 9.7 | 14.3 | p < 0.001 | 6501 | 9.5 | 14.2 | p < 0.001 | 226 | 8.8 | 9.4 | p < 0.001 | 3056 | 10.1 | 13.9 | p < 0.001 |
No Claim | 8194 | 13.9 | 18.9 | 8683 | 13.9 | 18.7 | 14,958 | 12.0 | 17.2 | 12,128 | 12.4 | 17.8 | |||||
Protein (g per 100 g/mL) | Claim | 6990 | 7.2 | 7.4 | p = 0.042 | 6501 | 7.3 | 7.5 | p < 0.001 | 226 | 6.1 | 5.4 | p = 0.003 | 3056 | 6.6 | 6.8 | p < 0.001 |
No Claim | 8194 | 7.0 | 7.2 | 8683 | 6.9 | 7.1 | 14,958 | 7.1 | 7.3 | 12,128 | 7.2 | 7.4 | |||||
Fibre (g per 100 g/mL) | Claim | 6990 | 2.7 | 4.4 | p < 0.001 | 6501 | 2.7 | 4.5 | p < 0.001 | 226 | 5.1 | 6.1 | p < 0.001 | 3056 | 3.2 | 4.7 | p < 0.001 |
No Claim | 8194 | 1.9 | 3.4 | 8683 | 1.9 | 3.4 | 14,958 | 2.2 | 3.9 | 12,128 | 2.0 | 3.7 |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Franco-Arellano, B.; Labonté, M.-È.; Bernstein, J.T.; L’Abbé, M.R. Examining the Nutritional Quality of Canadian Packaged Foods and Beverages with and without Nutrition Claims. Nutrients 2018, 10, 832. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10070832
Franco-Arellano B, Labonté M-È, Bernstein JT, L’Abbé MR. Examining the Nutritional Quality of Canadian Packaged Foods and Beverages with and without Nutrition Claims. Nutrients. 2018; 10(7):832. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10070832
Chicago/Turabian StyleFranco-Arellano, Beatriz, Marie-Ève Labonté, Jodi T. Bernstein, and Mary R. L’Abbé. 2018. "Examining the Nutritional Quality of Canadian Packaged Foods and Beverages with and without Nutrition Claims" Nutrients 10, no. 7: 832. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10070832
APA StyleFranco-Arellano, B., Labonté, M.-È., Bernstein, J. T., & L’Abbé, M. R. (2018). Examining the Nutritional Quality of Canadian Packaged Foods and Beverages with and without Nutrition Claims. Nutrients, 10(7), 832. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10070832