Vatten, 1990 [45] | National Health Screening Service, Norway | 1974-NR, 12 years (mean) | 155; 14,593 | ≥7 cups/day vs. ≤2 cups/day; RR = 0.80 (0.50, 1.40) | Age. |
Hoyer, 1992 [36] | The Glostrup Population Studies, Denmark | 1964–1990, 26 years (maximum) | 51; 5207 | ≥7 cups/day vs. ≤2 cups/day; RR = 1.70 (0.70, 4.30) | Social class, age at menarche, menopause status, number of full-term pregnancies, height, weight, BMI, alcohol, smoking. |
Folsom, 1993 [30] | Iowa Women’s Health Study, USA | 1986–1990, 5 years | 580; 34,388 | ≥4 cups/day vs. 0 cups/day; RR = 1.02 (0.79, 1.30) | Age, waist/hip ratio, number of live births, age at first live birth, age at menarche, FHBC (family history of breast cancer), family history × waist/hip ratio and family history × number of live births. |
Key, 1999 [38] | The Radiation Effects Research Foundation’s Life Span Study, Japan | 1969–1993, 24 years (maximum) | 427; 34,759 | ≥5 cups/week vs. ≤1 cups/week; RR = 1.19 (0.93, 1.52) | Age, calendar period, city, age at time of bombings, radiation dose. |
Michels, 2002 [41] | Swedish Mammography Cohort, Sweden | 1987–1997, 9.5 years | 1271; 59,036 | ≥4 cups/day vs. ≤1 cup/day; HR = 0.94 (0.75, 1.28) | Age, family history of breast cancer, height, BMI, education, parity, age at first birth, alcohol consumption, total caloric intake. |
Suzuki, 2004 [44] | Cohort I-Cohort II, Japan | 1984-NR Cohort I, 9 years;1990-NR Cohort II, 7 years | 103; 8799 Cohort I; 119; 11,288 Cohort II | ≥1 cup/day vs. never; RR = 0.81 (0.55, 1.18) | Age, types of health insurance, age at menarche, menopausal status, age at first birth, parity, mother’s history of breast cancer, smoking, alcohol drinking, BMI, consumption frequencies of black tea. |
Hirvonen, 2006 [35] | Supplementation en Vitamines et Mineraux Antioxydants (SU.VI.MAX), France | 1994–2002, 6.6 years (median) | 95; 4396 | ≥3 cups/day vs. ≤1 cup/day; RR = 1.10 (0.66, 1.84) | Age, smoking, number of children, use of oral contraception, family history of breast cancer, menopausal status. |
Ganmaa, 2008 [31] | National Health Service I, USA | 1976–2002, 22 years | 5272; 85,987 | ≥4 cups/day vs. <1 cup/month; RR = 0.92 (0.82, 1.03) | Age months, smoking status, BMI, physical activity, height, alcohol intake, family history of breast cancer in mother or a sister, history of benign breast disease, menopausal status, age at menopause, use of hormone therapy, age at menarche, parity and age at first birth, weight change after 18, duration of postmenopausal hormone use, tea intake. |
Ishitani, 2008 [37] | Women’s Health Study, USA | 1992–2004, 10 years (average) | 1188; 38,432 | ≥4 cups/day vs. almost never; RR = 1.08 (0.89, 1.30) | Age, randomized treatment assignment, BMI, physical activity, total energy intake, alcohol intake, multivitamin use, age at menopause, age at menarche, age at first pregnancy lasting ≥6months, number of pregnancies lasting ≥6months, menopausal status, postmenopausal hormone use, prior hysterectomy, prior bilateral oophorectomy, smoking status, family history of breast cancer in mother or a sister, history of benign breast disease. |
Larsson, 2009 [39] | Swedish Mammography Cohort (SMC), Sweden | 1987–2007, 17.4 years (mean) | 2952; 61,433 | ≥4 cups/day vs. <1 cup/day; RR = 1.02 (0.87, 1.20) | Age, education, BMI, height, parity, age at first birth, age at menarche, age at menopause, use of oral contraceptives, use of postmenopausal hormones, family history of breast cancer and intakes of total energy, alcohol and tea. |
Wilson, 2009 [46] | National Health Service II, USA | 1991–2005, 14 years | 1179; 90,628 | ≥3 cups/day vs. <1 cup/day; RR = 0.92 (0.77, 1.11) | BMI, height, OC use, parity and age at first birth, age at menarche, family history of breast cancer, history of benign breast disease, smoking, physical activity, animal fat, glycaemic load, alcohol and energy. |
Bhoo-Pathy, 2010 [26] | European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-NL), Netherlands | 1993–2007, 9.6 years (average) | 681; 27,323 | >5 cups/day vs. <1 cup/day; HR = 0.94 (0.72, 1.24) | Age, smoking status, educational status, BMI, alcohol intake, energy intake, energy-adjusted saturated fat intake, energy-adjusted fibre intake, tea intake, physical activity level, ever prior use of oral contraceptives, presence of hypercholesterolemia, family history of breast cancer, age at menarche, parity and cohort. |
Boggs, 2010 [28] | Black Women’s Health Study, USA | 1995–2007, 12 years | 1268; 52,062 | ≥4 cups/day vs. never; RR = 1.03 (0.77, 1.39) | Age, energy intake, age at menarche, BMI at age 18, family history of breast cancer, education, geographic region, parity, age at first birth, oral contraceptive use, menopausal status, age at menopause, female hormone use, vigorous activity, smoking status, alcohol intake. |
Nilsson, 2010 [42] | Västerbotten Intervention Programme (VIP), Sweden | 1992–2007, 15 years (maximum) | 587; 32,178 | ≥4 cups/day vs. <1 cup/day; HR = 0.92 (0.68, 1.25) | Age, sex, BMI, smoking, education, recreational physical activity. |
Fagherazzi, 2011 [29] | Etude Epidémiologique auprès de femmes de l’Education Nationale (E3N), France | 1993–2005, 11 years (median) | 2868; 67,703 | >3 cups/day vs. never; HR = 1.02 (0.90, 1.16) | Age, total energy intake, ever use of oral contraceptives, age at menarche, age at menopause, number of children, age at first pregnancy, history of breast cancer in the family and years of schooling, current use of postmenopausal hormone therapy (for postmenopausal women only), personal history of benign breast disease, menopausal status, BMI. |
Gierach, 2012 [32] | NIH-AARP Diet and Health Cohort Study, USA | 1995–2006, 9.8 years (average) | 9915; 198,404 | ≥4 cups/day vs. never; RR = 0.98 (0.91, 1.07) | Age, race/ethnicity, education, BMI, smoking status and dose, alcohol, proportion of total energy from fat, age at first live birth, menopausal hormone therapy use, history of breast biopsy, family history of breast cancer. |
Bhoo-Pathy, 2015 [27] | European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), Multicentre | 1992–2010, 11 years (average) | 10,198; 335,060 | Highest quartile vs lowest quartile; HR = 1.00 (0.98, 1.03) for premenopausal women; HR = 0.99 (0.98, 0.99) for postmenopausal women | Age at menarche, ever use of oral contraceptives, age at first delivery, ever breastfeeding, smoking status, educational level, physical activity level, alcohol intake, height, weight, energy intake from fat source, energy intake from non-fat source, total saturated fat intake, total fibre intake, ever-use of postmenopausal hormones. |
Harris, 2015 [33] | Swedish Mammography Cohort (SMC), Sweden | 1987–2012, 15 years | 1603; 37,004 | Highest quartile vs lowest quartile; HR = 0.86 (0.72, 1.04) | Age, energy intake, height, BMI, education, oral contraceptive use, hormone replacement therapy use, age at menarche, age at menopause, family history of breast cancer, history of benign breast disease, smoking status, physical activity, alcohol intake. |
Hashibe, 2015 [34] | Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial, USA | 1992–2011, 13 years (maximum) | 1703; 50,563 | ≥2 cups/day vs. <1 cup/day; RR = 0.97 (0.87, 1.08) | Age, sex, race and education, drinking frequency. |
Oh, 2015 [43] | Swedish Women’s Lifestyle and Health study, Sweden | 1991–2012, 11 years (average) | 1395; 42,099 | ≥5 cups/day vs. ≤2 cups/day; RR = 0.81 (0.70, 0.94) | Age, BMI, duration of breastfeeding, alcohol consumption. |
Lukic, 2016 [40] | Norwegian Women and Cancer study (NOWAC), Norway | 1991–2013, 13.1 years (average) | 3277; 91,767 | ≥7 cups/day vs. ≤1 cup/day; HR = 0.87 (0.71, 1.06) | Menopausal status, smoking status, age at smoking initiation, number of pack-years, exposure to cigarette smoke during childhood, duration of education, BMI, physical activity level, alcohol consumption, number of children, age at first birth, ever use of oral contraceptives, duration of oral contraceptive use, use of hormone replacement therapy, maternal history of breast cancer, total energy intake, intake of fibres, intake of processed meat, intake of red meat, height, participation in mammography screening. |