Prudent-Active and Fast-Food-Sedentary Dietary-Lifestyle Patterns: The Association with Adiposity, Nutrition Knowledge and Sociodemographic Factors in Polish Teenagers—The ABC of Healthy Eating Project
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Dietary Data
- four categories of breakfast consumption (number of days/week): 0/week, 1–3/week, 4–6/week, 7/week (every day);
- four categories of school meal consumption (number of days/week): 0/week, 1–3/week, 3–4/week, 5/week (every school day);
- seven categories for food frequency consumption: never or almost never, less than once a week, once a week, 2–4 times/week, 5–6 times/week, every day, several times a day; for further analysis, all frequencies of food consumption were converted into daily frequency (details in Table S1).
2.4. Lifestyle
2.5. Dietary-Lifestyle Patterns
2.6. Nutrition Knowledge
2.7. Socioeconomic Status
- Question: ‘Does your family own a car, van or truck?’ Answers: no (0 points); yes, one (1 point); yes, two or more (2 points).
- Question: ‘In recent years, how many times per year did you go away on holiday with your family?’ (necessary examples were given) Answers: not at all (0 points); once (1 point); twice (2 points); more than twice (2 points).
- Question: ‘Do you have your own bedroom for yourself?’ Answers: no (0 points); yes (1 point).
- Question: ‘How many computers or laptops or tablets does your family own?’ Answers: none (0 points); one (1 point); two (2 points); more than two (2 points).
2.8. Adiposity Measures
2.9. Ethical Approval
2.10. Statistical Analysis
- (i)
- the adherence to chosen a DLP by sociodemographic factors and nutrition knowledge in respect to a referent DLP—the following categorical variables were used as predictors (independent variables): gender (girls, reference: boys), age (12 or 13 years, reference: 11 years), residence (urban, reference: rural), Family Affluence Scale (moderate or high, reference: low), nutrition knowledge score (middle or upper tertile, reference: bottom tertile);
- (ii)
- the chance to fall in the adiposity category (central obesity or overweight)—two opposite DPLs were used as predictors while others were used as a referent (i.e., in total, three various pairs of DPLs were analysed).
3. Results
3.1. Dietary-Lifestyle Patterns Characteristic
3.2. Association between Dietary-Lifestyle Patterns, Sociodemographic Factors and Nutrition Knowledge
3.3. Association between Dietary-Lifestyle Patterns and Adiposity Measures
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Data availability statement
References
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Variables | Total Sample | Prudent-Active | Fast-Food-Sedentary | notPrudent-notFast-Food-LowActive | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample size | 1549 | 454 | 214 | 881 | |
Sample percentage | 100.0 | 29.3 | 13.8 | 56.9 | |
Gender | *** | ||||
boys | 48.5 | 41.9 | 59.3 | 49.3 | |
girls | 51.5 | 58.1 | 40.7 | 50.7 | |
Age (years) | * | ||||
11 | 16.6 | 20.0 | 13.6 | 15.6 | |
12 | 73.5 | 72.3 | 73.3 | 74.2 | |
13 | 9.9 | 7.7 | 13.1 | 10.2 | |
Residence | ns | ||||
rural | 40.4 | 43.6 | 39.7 | 38.9 | |
urban | 59.6 | 56.4 | 60.3 | 61.1 | |
Family Affluence Scale (points) | 6.0 (5.0–7.0) | 6.0 (5.0–7.0) | 5.0 (4.0–6.0) | 6.0 (5.0–6.0) | *** |
Family Affluence Scale | *** | ||||
low | 24.4 | 24.0 | 35.0 | 20.4 | |
moderate | 49.9 | 52.0 | 43.5 | 48.6 | |
high | 25.7 | 24.0 | 21.5 | 31.0 | |
Nutrition knowledge score (points) | 6.0 (4.0–8.0) | 7.0 (5.0–9.0) | 5.0 (3.0–7.0) | 6.0 (4.0–8.0) | **** |
Nutrition knowledge score (tertiles) | **** | ||||
bottom | 30.9 | 32.3 | 49.1 | 19.6 | |
middle | 39.2 | 40.5 | 35.5 | 38.3 | |
upper | 29.9 | 27.2 | 15.4 | 42.1 | |
Central obesity a | 12.1 | 7.8 | 15.2 | 13.6 | ** |
BMI-for-age by international standards, 2012 b | * | ||||
thinness | 9.4 | 8.3 | 9.1 | 10.1 | |
normal weight | 66.0 | 72.4 | 66.5 | 62.6 | |
overweight/obesity | 24.6 | 19.3 | 24.4 | 27.4 | |
BMI-for-age by Polish standards, 2010 c | ns | ||||
thinness | 3.7 | 3.9 | 4.6 | 3.3 | |
normal weight | 74.5 | 78.6 | 73.1 | 72.6 | |
overweight/obesity | 21.9 | 17.5 | 22.3 | 24.1 | |
Components of dietary-lifestyle patterns | |||||
Breakfast consumption (days/week) | **** | ||||
<1 | 5.7 | 3.1 | 15.0 | 4.9 | |
1 to 3 | 11.8 | 8.6 | 18.7 | 11.8 | |
4 to 6 | 12.6 | 7.5 | 14.5 | 14.6 | |
every day | 69.9 | 80.8 | 51.8 | 68.7 | |
School meal consumption (days/week) | **** | ||||
<1 | 5.7 | 1.1 | 10.7 | 6.8 | |
1 to 2 | 7.3 | 1.1 | 18.7 | 7.7 | |
3 to 4 | 18.1 | 12.1 | 19.2 | 20.9 | |
every school day | 68.9 | 85.7 | 51.4 | 64.6 | |
Frequency of consumption of (times/day) | |||||
vegetables | 0.43 (0.43–1.00) | 1.00 (0.79–1.00) | 0.43 (0.14–0.79) | 0.43 (0.14–0.79) | **** |
fruits | 0.79 (0.14–1.00) | 1.00 (0.79–2.00) | 0.43 (0.14–0.79) | 0.43 (0.14–0.79) | **** |
fruit or vegetable juices | 0.43 (0.14–1.00) | 1.00 (0.43–1.00) | 0.43 (0.14–0.79) | 0.43 (0.14–0.79) | **** |
dairy products | 0.79 (0.43–1.00) | 1.00 (0.79–1.00) | 0.79 (0.43–1.00) | 0.43 (0.43–0.79) | **** |
fish | 0.06 (0.06–0.14) | 0.14 (0.06–0.43) | 0.06 (0.00–0.14) | 0.06 (0.06–0.14) | **** |
fast foods | 0.06 (0.06–0.14) | 0.06 (0.00–0.06) | 0.43 (0.06–0.43) | 0.06 (0.06–0.06) | **** |
sweetened beverages | 0.43 (0.06–0.43) | 0.14 (0.06–0.43) | 1.00 (0.43–2.00) | 0.14 (0.06–0.43) | **** |
energy drinks | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.06 (0.00–0.43) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | **** |
sweets | 0.43 (0.14–0.79) | 0.43 (0.14–0.79) | 1.00 (0.43–1.00) | 0.43 (0.14–0.43) | **** |
Screen time (h/day) | **** | ||||
<2 | 46.2 | 59.3 | 15.4 | 46.9 | |
2 to <4 | 34.5 | 31.9 | 26.7 | 37.7 | |
4 to <6 | 11.5 | 5.9 | 26.6 | 10.7 | |
6 to <8 | 4.3 | 2.0 | 11.7 | 3.6 | |
8 to <10 | 1.4 | 0.7 | 7.0 | 0.5 | |
≥10 | 2.1 | 0.2 | 12.6 | 0.6 | |
Physical activity at school d | **** | ||||
low | 5.6 | 1.1 | 10.3 | 6.7 | |
moderate | 48.7 | 36.1 | 50.0 | 54.9 | |
high | 45.7 | 62.8 | 39.7 | 38.4 | |
Physical activity at leisure time e | **** | ||||
low | 9.6 | 2.2 | 21.5 | 10.4 | |
moderate | 40.4 | 26.4 | 40.2 | 47.7 | |
high | 50.0 | 71.4 | 38.3 | 41.9 |
Variables | Prudent-Active (Ref.: notPrudent-notFast-Food-LowActive) | Fast-Food-Sedentary (Ref.: notPrudent-notFast-Food-lowActive) | Fast-Food-Sedentary (Ref.: Prudent-Active) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude Model | Adjusted Model | Crude Model | Adjusted Model | Crude Model | Adjusted Model | |
Girls (ref.: boys) | 1.35 * | 1.24 | 0.67 ** | 0.73 | 0.49 **** | 0.62 ** |
(1.07; 1.70) | (0.98; 1.57) | (0.49; 0.90) | (0.54; 1.00) | (0.35; 0.69) | (0.43; 0.89) | |
Age | ||||||
12 years (ref.: 11 years) | 0.76 | 0.71 * | 1.13 | 1.18 | 1.50 | 1.56 |
(0.56; 1.02) | (0.52; 0.96) | (0.73; 1.75) | (0.75; 1.85) | (0.95; 2.38) | (0.94; 2.59) | |
13 years (ref.: 11 years) | 0.59 * | 0.51 ** | 1.47 | 1.56 | 2.51 ** | 3.20 ** |
(0.37; 0.94) | (0.31; 0.84) | (0.82; 2.64) | (0.84; 2.88) | (1.31; 4.83) | (1.56; 6.54) | |
Urban residence (ref.: rural) | 0.82 | 0.80 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 1.17 | 1.27 |
(0.66; 1.04) | (0.63; 1.02) | (0.70; 1.33) | (0.73; 1.35) | (0.84; 1.64) | (0.88; 1.84) | |
Family Affluence Scale | ||||||
moderate (ref.: low) | 1.10 | 1.03 | 0.57 ** | 0.60 ** | 0.52 *** | 0.53 ** |
(0.82; 1.48) | (0.76; 1.40) | (0.40; 0.81) | (0.42; 0.86) | (0.35; 0.77) | (0.34; 0.81) | |
high (ref.: low) | 1.51 * | 1.32 | 0.61 * | 0.67 | 0.40 **** | 0.49 ** |
(1.09; 2.10) | (0.94; 1.85) | (0.40; 0.92) | (0.44; 1.02) | (0.26; 0.63) | (0.29; 0.81) | |
Nutrition knowledge score (tertiles) | ||||||
middle (ref: bottom) | 1.56 ** | 1.57 ** | 0.58 ** | 0.59 ** | 0.37 **** | 0.38 **** |
(1.15; 2.10) | (1.16; 2.13) | (0.41; 0.80) | (0.42; 0.82) | (0.25; 0.55) | (0.25; 0.57) | |
upper (ref: bottom) | 2.55 **** | 2.40 **** | 0.37 ** | 0.42 *** | 0.15 **** | 0.16 **** |
(1.88; 3.46) | (1.76; 3.29) | (0.18; 0.77) | (0.27; 0.65) | (0.09; 0.23) | (0.10; 0.26) |
Dietary-Lifestyle Patterns | Central Obesity a (Ref: Lack) | Overweight/Obesity (Ref: Normal Weight) | |
---|---|---|---|
International Standards, 2012 b | Polish Standards, 2010 c | ||
Prudent-Active (ref.: notPrudent-notFast-food-lowActive) | |||
Crude model | 0.54 ** | 0.61 *** | 0.67 ** |
(0.36; 0.80) | (0.46; 0.81) | (0.50; 0.90) | |
Adjusted model | 0.53 ** | 0.62 ** | 0.67 * |
(0.35; 0.80) | (0.47; 0.84) | (0.50; 0.91) | |
Fast-food-Sedentary (ref.: notPrudent-notFast-food-lowActive) | |||
Crude model | 1.14 | 0.84 | 0.92 |
(0.74; 1.76) | (0.58; 1.21) | (0.64; 1.34) | |
Adjusted model | 1.08 | 0.82 | 0.92 |
(0.69; 1.70) | (0.56; 1.19) | (0.63; 1.34) | |
Fast-food-Sedentary (ref.: Prudent-Active) | |||
Crude model | 2.12 ** | 1.37 | 1.38 |
(1.25; 3.58) | (0.91; 2.07) | (0.90; 2.09) | |
Adjusted model | 2.22 ** | 1.34 | 1.34 |
(1.24; 3.97) | (0.86; 2.11) | (0.84; 2.13) |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Wadolowska, L.; Hamulka, J.; Kowalkowska, J.; Kostecka, M.; Wadolowska, K.; Biezanowska-Kopec, R.; Czarniecka-Skubina, E.; Kozirok, W.; Piotrowska, A. Prudent-Active and Fast-Food-Sedentary Dietary-Lifestyle Patterns: The Association with Adiposity, Nutrition Knowledge and Sociodemographic Factors in Polish Teenagers—The ABC of Healthy Eating Project. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1988. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10121988
Wadolowska L, Hamulka J, Kowalkowska J, Kostecka M, Wadolowska K, Biezanowska-Kopec R, Czarniecka-Skubina E, Kozirok W, Piotrowska A. Prudent-Active and Fast-Food-Sedentary Dietary-Lifestyle Patterns: The Association with Adiposity, Nutrition Knowledge and Sociodemographic Factors in Polish Teenagers—The ABC of Healthy Eating Project. Nutrients. 2018; 10(12):1988. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10121988
Chicago/Turabian StyleWadolowska, Lidia, Jadwiga Hamulka, Joanna Kowalkowska, Malgorzata Kostecka, Katarzyna Wadolowska, Renata Biezanowska-Kopec, Ewa Czarniecka-Skubina, Witold Kozirok, and Anna Piotrowska. 2018. "Prudent-Active and Fast-Food-Sedentary Dietary-Lifestyle Patterns: The Association with Adiposity, Nutrition Knowledge and Sociodemographic Factors in Polish Teenagers—The ABC of Healthy Eating Project" Nutrients 10, no. 12: 1988. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10121988