Differences in Physical Activity and Diet Patterns between Non-Rural and Rural Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Assessments
2.3. Subjects
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Anthropometric Assessments and Physical Activity
3.2. Anthropometric Assessments and Diet
4. Discussion
4.1. Physical Activity
4.1.1. Rural vs. Non-Rural
4.1.2. Hutterite vs. NH Rural
4.2. Diet
4.2.1. Rural vs. Non-Rural
4.2.2. Hutterite vs. NH Rural
4.3. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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NH Non-Rural | NH Rural | Hutterite | p-Value 1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline (month 0) | ||||
Females | n = 199 | n = 163 | n = 343 | |
Season at enrollment (F/Sp/Su/W) | 72/29/24/74 | 31/44/45/43 | 48/70/137/88 | <0.001 |
Weekdays (no.) 2 | 5.0 (3–6) ab | 5.4 (5–6) ac | 6.0 (5–6) bc | <0.001 |
Age (years) | 42.8 ± 0.44 ab | 48.6 ± 0.63 ac | 39.7 ± 0.39 bc | <0.001 |
Height (cm) | 163.8 ± 0.27 a | 164.2 ± 0.28 b | 161.8 ± 0.17 ab | <0.001 |
Weight (kg) | 73.4 ± 0.70 | 74.3 ± 0.67 | 74.8 ± 0.52 | 0.98 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 27.3 ± 0.24 | 27.6 ± 0.26 | 28.6 ± 0.20 | 0.32 |
Normal weight/overweight or obese | 81/118 | 59/104 | 124/219 | 0.53 |
Males | n = 128 | n = 176 | n = 213 | |
Season at enrollment (F/Sp/Su/W) | 41/15/11/61 | 46/39/60/31 | 31/48/92/42 | <0.001 |
Weekdays (no.) 2 | 5.0 (3–6) ab | 5.6 (4–6) ac | 6.0 (6–6) bc | <0.001 |
Age (years) | 43.6 ± 0.61 a | 46.2 ± 0.59 b | 38.7 ± 0.47 ab | <0.001 |
Height (cm) | 178.9 ± 0.38 a | 178.1 ± 0.33 b | 176.5 ± 0.23 ab | <0.01 |
Weight (kg) | 91.5 ± 0.93 | 94.5 ± 0.72 | 92.3 ± 0.65 | 0.17 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 28.5 ± 0.28 | 29.8 ± 0.21 | 29.6 ± 0.19 | 0.12 |
Normal weight/overweight or obese | 33/95 | 30/146 | 38/175 | 0.12 |
Follow-up (month 54) | ||||
Females | n = 168 | n = 151 | n = 320 | |
Age (years) 2 | 47.0 ± 0.47 ab | 52.8 ± 0.62 ac | 43.4 ± 0.40 bc | <0.001 |
Height (cm) | 163.4 ± 0.29 a | 163.1 ± 0.30 b | 161.2 ± 0.18 ab | <0.001 |
Weight (kg) | 74.4 ± 0.76 | 75.0 ± 0.75 | 77.7 ± 0.54 | 0.14 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 27.8 ± 0.27 a | 28.2 ± 0.28 | 29.9 ± 0.22 a | <0.01 |
Normal weight/overweight or obese | 46/122 | 42/109 | 74/246 | 0.43 |
Male | n = 106 | n = 150 | n = 182 | |
Age (years) 2 | 48.2 ± 0.64 a | 50.9 ± 0.58 b | 41.9 ± 0.49 ab | <0.001 |
Height (cm) | 178.2 ± 0.45 a | 177.7 ± 0.39 | 175.9 ± 0.25 a | <0.01 |
Weight (kg) | 91.4 ± 1.1 | 95.3 ± 0.76 | 94.0 ± 0.71 | 0.24 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 28.8 ± 0.33 a | 30.2 ± 0.23 | 30.4 ± 0.21 a | 0.02 |
Normal weight/overweight or obese | 23/83 | 13/137 | 16/166 | 0.002 |
Miles Walked 2 | Stair Flights 2 | Sleep Weekday | Sleep Weekend | Sit Weekday | Sit Weekend | Light Weekday | Light Weekend | Moderate Weekday | Moderate Weekend | Vigorous Weekday | Vigorous Weekend | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Females | ||||||||||||
NH Non-Rural | 2.1 ± 0.07 a | 8.2 ± 0.38 a | 7.3 ± 0.06 a | 7.8 ± 0.06 a | 5.0 ± 0.11 ab | 4.3 ± 0.09 a | 7.8 ± 0.13 ab | 7.4 ± 0.13 ab | 3.5 ± 0.11 ab | 4.1 ± 0.10 ab | 0.43 ± 0.03 ab | 0.47 ± 0.002 a |
NH Rural | 2.1 ± 0.08 b | 7.2 ± 0.43 b | 7.4 ± 0.06 b | 7.8 ± 0.07 b | 4.4 ± 0.13 a | 4.2 ± 0.10 b | 6.9 ± 0.15 ac | 7.0 ± 0.14 ac | 4.8 ± 0.13 a | 4.5 ± 0.11 ac | 0.58 ± 0.03 a | 0.46 ± 0.02 b |
Hutterite | 2.7 ± 0.06 ab | 10.5 ± 0.30 ab | 8.8 ± 0.04 ab | 10.2 ± 0.05 ab | 4.3 ± 0.09 b | 5.8 ± 0.07 ab | 5.6 ± 0.10 bc | 5.3 ± 0.10 bc | 4.7 ± 0.09 b | 2.6 ± 0.08 bc | 0.53 ± 0.02 b | 0.18 ± 0.02 ab |
Male | ||||||||||||
NH Non-Rural | 2.2 ± 0.11 a | 9.5 ± 0.47 a | 7.1 ± 0.06 a | 7.6 ± 0.07 a | 6.0 ± 0.15 ab | 4.7 ± 0.12 a | 7.3 ± 0.16 a | 7.4 ± 0.16 a | 3.0 ± 0.16 ab | 3.6 ± 0.13 ab | 0.63 ± 0.06 a | 0.74 ± 0.05 a |
NH Rural | 1.9 ± 0.09 b | 6.9 ± 0.40 ab | 7.3 ± 0.05 b | 7.7 ± 0.06 b | 4.1 ± 0.13 ac | 4.4 ± 0.10 b | 6.9 ± 0.14 b | 7.1 ± 0.14 b | 4.9 ± 0.13 ac | 4.1 ± 0.11 ac | 0.82 ± 0.05 a | 0.74 ± 0.04 b |
Hutterite | 3.1 ± 0.09 ab | 8.8 ± 0.37 b | 8.4 ± 0.05 ab | 10.2 ± 0.06 ab | 3.4 ± 0.12 bc | 5.4 ± 0.10 ab | 5.4 ± 0.13 ab | 6.2 ± 0.13 ab | 6.1 ± 0.12 bc | 2.1 ± 0.10 bc | 0.74 ± 0.05 | 0.15 ± 0.04 ab |
Total Calories | Dairy | Fruits | Vegetables | Meat | Starches | Lo-Cal Beverages | Caloric Beverages | Sweets & Misc | Condiments | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Females | ||||||||||
NH Non-Rural | 1833 ± 50 a | 2.1 ± 0.08 a | 1.8 ± 0.09 a | 2.8 ± 0.11 a | 2.6 ± 0.06 | 3.4 ± 0.08 a | 5.8 ± 0.18 a | 0.68 ± 0.04 ab | 1.2 ± 0.06 a | 3.8 ± 0.14 |
NH Rural | 2039 ± 54 ab | 2.2 ± 0.08 b | 1.7 ± 0.10 b | 2.7 ± 0.12 b | 2.8 ± 0.06 a | 3.5 ± 0.08 b | 5.9 ± 0.20 | 0.50 ± 0.05 a | 1.1 ± 0.06 b | 3.5 ± 0.15 a |
Hutterite | 1830 ± 37 b | 1.8 ± 0.06 ab | 2.2 ± 0.06 ab | 3.6 ± 0.08 ab | 2.6 ± 0.04 a | 2.9 ± 0.06 ab | 6.4 ± 0.13 a | 0.44 ± 0.03 b | 1.4 ± 0.04 ab | 4.1 ± 0.10 a |
Male | ||||||||||
NH Non-Rural | 2202 ± 61 ab | 2.3 ± 0.11 a | 1.6 ± 0.10 | 2.4 ± 0.13 a | 3.1 ± 0.09 a | 4.1 ± 0.11 a | 5.1 ± 0.21 a | 1.5 ± 0.09 | 1.3 ± 0.09 ab | 3.9 ± 0.16 |
NH Rural | 2432 ± 52 ac | 2.4 ± 0.09 b | 1.7 ± 0.09 | 2.0 ± 0.11 b | 3.2 ± 0.08 | 4.1 ± 0.10 b | 4.8 ± 0.18 b | 1.3 ± 0.08 | 1.6 ± 0.07 a | 3.5 ± 0.14 |
Hutterite | 2033 ± 47 bc | 2.0 ± 0.08 ab | 1.8 ± 0.08 | 3.0 ± 0.10 ab | 3.4 ± 0.07 a | 3.2 ± 0.09 ab | 6.1 ± 0.16 ab | 1.3 ± 0.07 | 1.7 ± 0.07 b | 3.5 ± 0.12 |
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McCormack, L.; Wey, H.; Meendering, J.; Specker, B. Differences in Physical Activity and Diet Patterns between Non-Rural and Rural Adults. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1601. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10111601
McCormack L, Wey H, Meendering J, Specker B. Differences in Physical Activity and Diet Patterns between Non-Rural and Rural Adults. Nutrients. 2018; 10(11):1601. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10111601
Chicago/Turabian StyleMcCormack, Lacey, Howard Wey, Jessica Meendering, and Bonny Specker. 2018. "Differences in Physical Activity and Diet Patterns between Non-Rural and Rural Adults" Nutrients 10, no. 11: 1601. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10111601
APA StyleMcCormack, L., Wey, H., Meendering, J., & Specker, B. (2018). Differences in Physical Activity and Diet Patterns between Non-Rural and Rural Adults. Nutrients, 10(11), 1601. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10111601