Preliminary Validation of the Exercise-Snacking Licensing Scale: Rewarding Exercise with Unhealthy Snack Foods and Drinks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedures
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Exercise–Snacking Licensing Beliefs
2.3.2. Motivational Regulation for Exercise
2.3.3. Exercise Motives
2.3.4. Leisure Time Activity Levels
2.3.5. Affective and Instrumental Attitudes Toward Unhealthy Snack Foods/Drinks
2.3.6. Self-Control
2.3.7. Compensatory Health Beliefs
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participants
3.2. Structural and Generalizability Aspects of Validity
3.2.1. Factor Analysis: Light Physical Activity
3.2.2. Factor Analysis: Tiring Physical Activity
3.2.3. Differences in ESLS Scores for Light Versus Tiring Physical Activity
3.3. External Aspect of Validity
3.3.1. Exercise Correlates
3.3.2. Diet-Related and Dispositional Correlates
4. Discussion
Limitations and Future Directions
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item/Variable | Int. | M | SD | Skew/Kurt |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. I feel that I can reward myself with unhealthy drinks | L | 3.09 | 1.82 | 0.52/−0.82 |
T | 3.36 | 1.82 | 0.31/−0.93 | |
2. I feel that I can allow myself to consume unhealthy snacks | L | 3.38 | 1.75 | 0.27/−0.87 |
T | 3.69 | 1.70 | 0.02/−0.90 | |
3. I feel that I can allow myself to consume unhealthy drinks | L | 3.16 | 1.73 | 0.42/−0.74 |
T | 3.43 | 1.73 | 0.24/−0.90 | |
4. I think I can have unhealthy snacks because I’ve earned them | L | 3.10 | 1.77 | 0.48/−0.74 |
T | 3.54 | 1.78 | 0.09/−1.1 | |
5. I focus on avoiding unhealthy snacks (R) | L | 4.48 | 1.79 | −0.30/−0.88 |
T | 4.57 | 1.74 | −0.32/−0.80 | |
6. I focus on avoiding unhealthy drinks (R) | L | 4.60 | 1.84 | −0.35/−0.90 |
T | 4.67 | 1.85 | −0.39/−0.90 | |
7. ESLS 6 item aggregate variable | L | 3.28 | 1.31 | 0.14/−0.29 |
T | 3.46 | 1.34 | 0.00/−0.41 | |
8. ESLS 4 item aggregate variable | L | 3.18 | 1.61 | 0.44/−0.50 |
T | 3.50 | 1.55 | 0.14/−0.67 |
Item | Int. | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. I feel that I can reward myself with unhealthy drinks | L | 0.69 ** | 0.79 ** | 0.76 ** | 0.15 ** | 0.21 ** |
T | 0.63 ** | 0.78 ** | 0.68 ** | 0.22 ** | 0.30 ** | |
2. I feel that I can allow myself to consume unhealthy snacks | L | -- | 0.86 ** | 0.78 ** | 0.14 ** | 0.11 * |
T | -- | 0.81 ** | 0.74 ** | 0.33 ** | 0.28 ** | |
3. I feel that I can allow myself to consume unhealthy drinks | L | -- | 0.73 ** | 0.16 ** | 0.22 ** | |
T | -- | 0.61 ** | 0.26 ** | 0.35 ** | ||
4. I think I can have unhealthy snacks because I’ve earned them | L | -- | 0.11 * | 0.09 | ||
T | -- | 0.26 ** | 0.24 ** | |||
5. I focus on avoiding unhealthy snacks (R) | L | -- | 0.91 ** | |||
T | -- | 0.85 ** | ||||
6. I focus on avoiding unhealthy drinks (R) | L | -- | ||||
T | -- |
Item | Int. | 6-Item ESLS | 4-Item ESLS | |
---|---|---|---|---|
F1 | F2 | F1 | ||
ESLS item 1 | L | 0.83 | 0.84 | |
T | 0.82 | 0.82 | ||
ESLS item 2 | L | 0.89 | 0.89 | |
T | 0.87 | 0.87 | ||
ESLS item 3 | L | 0.91 | 0.92 | |
T | 0.88 | 0.89 | ||
ESLS item 4 | L | 0.86 | 0.85 | |
T | 0.79 | 0.79 | ||
ESLS rev item 5 | L | 0.91 | Removed | |
T | 0.93 | Removed | ||
ESLS rev item 6 | L | 0.99 | Removed | |
T | 0.92 | Removed | ||
Initial Eigenvalues | L | 3.42 | 1.79 | 3.30 |
T | 3.50 | 1.48 | 3.12 | |
% of variance | L | 56.98 | 29.89 | 82.54 |
T | 58.33 | 24.61 | 78.09 | |
α | L | 0.93 | 0.95 | 0.93 |
T | 0.91 | 0.92 | 0.91 |
Variable | Int. | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Licensing (6-item ESLS score) | L | 0.90 ** | −0.34 ** | −0.23 ** | −0.19 ** | −0.21 ** | −0.22 ** | −0.04 | −0.15 * | −0.11 |
T | 0.92 ** | −0.30 ** | −0.14 * | −0.16 ** | −0.24 ** | −0.27 ** | −0.14 * | −0.18 ** | −0.13 * | |
2. Licensing (4-item ESLS score) | L | -- | −0.28 ** | −0.03 | 0.01 | −0.03 | −0.05 | 0.13 | 0.04 | −0.09 |
T | -- | −0.33 ** | −0.01 | −0.03 | −0.11 | −0.14 * | 0.02 | −0.02 | −0.08 | |
3. Motivation for exercise | L | -- | 0.64 ** | 0.60 ** | 0.37 ** | 0.47 ** | 0.07 | 0.17 * | 0.17 * | |
T | -- | 0.59 ** | 0.58 ** | 0.28 ** | 0.38 ** | 0.10 | 0.16 ** | 0.19 ** | ||
4. Exercising for enjoyment | L | -- | 0.89 ** | 0.62 ** | 0.71 ** | 0.38 ** | 0.51 ** | 0.22 ** | ||
T | -- | 0.91 ** | 0.54 ** | 0.61 ** | 0.37 ** | 0.51 ** | 0.26 ** | |||
5. Exercising for revitalization | L | -- | 0.65 ** | 0.73 ** | 0.40 ** | 0.56 ** | 0.21 ** | |||
T | -- | 0.59 ** | 0.66 ** | 0.39 ** | 0.55 ** | 0.30 ** | ||||
6. Exercising to avoid ill-health | L | -- | 0.87 ** | 0.59 ** | 0.66 ** | 0.08 | ||||
T | -- | 0.84 ** | 0.59 ** | 0.64 ** | 0.25 ** | |||||
7. Exercise for positive health | L | -- | 0.57 ** | 0.68 ** | 0.14 | |||||
T | -- | 0.60 ** | 0.72 ** | 0.23 ** | ||||||
8. Exercise for weight management | L | -- | 0.77 ** | 0.04 | ||||||
T | -- | 0.71 ** | 0.10 | |||||||
9. Exercising for appearance | L | -- | 0.02 | |||||||
T | -- | 0.17 ** | ||||||||
10. Godin-Shephard leisure time exercise score | L (n = 179) | -- | ||||||||
T (n = 262) | -- |
Variable | Int. | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Licensing (6-item ESLS score) | L | 0.90 ** | 0.26 ** | 0.18 ** | −0.23 ** | −0.20 ** | 0.33 ** | 0.30 ** |
T | 0.91 ** | 0.28 ** | 0.27 ** | −0.19 ** | −0.20 ** | 0.38 ** | 0.22 ** | |
2. Licensing (4-item ESLS score) | L | -- | 0.31 ** | 0.21 ** | −0.21 ** | −0.24 ** | 0.43 ** | 0.39 ** |
T | -- | 0.27 ** | 0.30 ** | −0.17 ** | −0.22 ** | 0.46 ** | 0.30 ** | |
3. Affective attitudes | L | -- | 0.05 | −0.15 * | −0.30 ** | 0.16 * | 0.15 * | |
T | -- | 0.14 * | −0.25 ** | −0.26 ** | 0.10 | 0.02 | ||
4. Instrumental attitudes | L | -- | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.33 ** | 0.21 ** | ||
T | -- | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.41 ** | 0.32 ** | |||
5. Trait self-control | L | -- | 0.65 ** | −0.17 * | −0.29 ** | |||
T | -- | 0.60 ** | −0.14 * | −0.10 | ||||
6. Food-related self-control | L | -- | −0.20 ** | −0.34 ** | ||||
T | -- | −0.13 * | −0.05 | |||||
7. Compensatory health beliefs | L | -- | 0.71 ** | |||||
T | -- | 0.69 ** | ||||||
8. Diet-related compensatory health beliefs | L | -- | ||||||
T | -- |
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West, J.S.; Guelfi, K.J.; Dimmock, J.A.; Jackson, B. Preliminary Validation of the Exercise-Snacking Licensing Scale: Rewarding Exercise with Unhealthy Snack Foods and Drinks. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1866. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10121866
West JS, Guelfi KJ, Dimmock JA, Jackson B. Preliminary Validation of the Exercise-Snacking Licensing Scale: Rewarding Exercise with Unhealthy Snack Foods and Drinks. Nutrients. 2018; 10(12):1866. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10121866
Chicago/Turabian StyleWest, Jessica S., Kym J. Guelfi, James A. Dimmock, and Ben Jackson. 2018. "Preliminary Validation of the Exercise-Snacking Licensing Scale: Rewarding Exercise with Unhealthy Snack Foods and Drinks" Nutrients 10, no. 12: 1866. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10121866
APA StyleWest, J. S., Guelfi, K. J., Dimmock, J. A., & Jackson, B. (2018). Preliminary Validation of the Exercise-Snacking Licensing Scale: Rewarding Exercise with Unhealthy Snack Foods and Drinks. Nutrients, 10(12), 1866. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10121866