Maternal Choline and Betaine Supplementation Modifies the Placental Response to Hyperglycemia in Mice and Human Trophoblasts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animal Diet and Treatment
2.2. Sample Collection and Processing
2.3. Placental Histology
2.4. Cell Culture and Treatments
2.5. Accumulation of Glucose and Fatty Acid in BeWo Cells
2.6. RNA Extraction and Real-Time PCR
2.7. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Choline and Betaine Supplementation Partially Normalized the Altered Placental Morphology of GDM Mice at E17.5
3.2. HF Feeding and Choline/Betaine Supplementation Had Minimal Effects on Placental Angiogenic Gene Expression in GDM Mice
3.3. Choline/Betaine Supplementation Influenced Gene Expression in BeWo Cells under a Hyperglycemic Condition
3.4. Choline or Betaine Supplementation Lowers Glucose and Fatty Acid Accumulation in BeWo Cells
4. Discussion
4.1. Choline and Betaine Supplementation Mitigates the Alteration in Placental Layer Thickness in GDM Mice
4.2. Choline and Betaine Have Minimal Effects on the Vasculature of GDM Placentas
4.3. Both Betaine and Choline Reduce Glucose and Fatty Acid Accumulation in Trophoblasts
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nanobashvili, K.; Jack-Roberts, C.; Bretter, R.; Jones, N.; Axen, K.; Saxena, A.; Blain, K.; Jiang, X. Maternal Choline and Betaine Supplementation Modifies the Placental Response to Hyperglycemia in Mice and Human Trophoblasts. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1507. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101507
Nanobashvili K, Jack-Roberts C, Bretter R, Jones N, Axen K, Saxena A, Blain K, Jiang X. Maternal Choline and Betaine Supplementation Modifies the Placental Response to Hyperglycemia in Mice and Human Trophoblasts. Nutrients. 2018; 10(10):1507. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101507
Chicago/Turabian StyleNanobashvili, Khatia, Chauntelle Jack-Roberts, Rachel Bretter, Naudia Jones, Kathleen Axen, Anjana Saxena, Kali Blain, and Xinyin Jiang. 2018. "Maternal Choline and Betaine Supplementation Modifies the Placental Response to Hyperglycemia in Mice and Human Trophoblasts" Nutrients 10, no. 10: 1507. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101507