Dietary Choline Intake: Current State of Knowledge Across the Life Cycle
1
BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
2
Food, Nutrition, and Health Program, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
3
South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Deceased.
Nutrients 2018, 10(10), 1513; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101513
Received: 1 October 2018
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Revised: 10 October 2018
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Accepted: 13 October 2018
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Published: 16 October 2018
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Health Aspects of Dietary Choline)
Choline, an essential dietary nutrient for humans, is required for the synthesis of the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, the methyl group donor, betaine, and phospholipids; and therefore, choline is involved in a broad range of critical physiological functions across all stages of the life cycle. The current dietary recommendations for choline have been established as Adequate Intakes (AIs) for total choline; however, dietary choline is present in multiple different forms that are both water-soluble (e.g., free choline, phosphocholine, and glycerophosphocholine) and lipid-soluble (e.g., phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin). Interestingly, the different dietary choline forms consumed during infancy differ from those in adulthood. This can be explained by the primary food source, where the majority of choline present in human milk is in the water-soluble form, versus lipid-soluble forms for foods consumed later on. This review summarizes the current knowledge on dietary recommendations and assessment methods, and dietary choline intake from food sources across the life cycle.
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Keywords:
choline; dietary choline forms; human milk; breast milk; dietary recommendations; adequate intake; dietary assessment
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MDPI and ACS Style
Wiedeman, A.M.; Barr, S.I.; Green, T.J.; Xu, Z.; Innis, S.M.; Kitts, D.D. Dietary Choline Intake: Current State of Knowledge Across the Life Cycle. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1513. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101513
AMA Style
Wiedeman AM, Barr SI, Green TJ, Xu Z, Innis SM, Kitts DD. Dietary Choline Intake: Current State of Knowledge Across the Life Cycle. Nutrients. 2018; 10(10):1513. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101513
Chicago/Turabian StyleWiedeman, Alejandra M., Susan I. Barr, Timothy J. Green, Zhaoming Xu, Sheila M. Innis, and David D. Kitts. 2018. "Dietary Choline Intake: Current State of Knowledge Across the Life Cycle" Nutrients 10, no. 10: 1513. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101513
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