Prospective Analysis of Vegetable Amount and Variety on the Risk of All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality among US Adults, 1999–2011
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Dietary Data
2.2. Outcome Ascertainment
2.3. Measuring Vegetable Variety
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | n1 | Percent (95% CI) 2 |
---|---|---|
No. of deaths | ||
All-cause | 2861 | 100.0 |
Coronary heart | 556 | 19.4 |
Stroke | 170 | 5.9 |
Diabetes | 103 | 3.6 |
Cardiovascular | 726 | 25.4 |
Cardiometabolic | 829 | 29.0 |
Age (year) | 29,133 | 46.3 (45.8–46.7) |
Sex | 29,133 | |
Women | 52.2 (51.6–52.8) | |
Men | 47.8 (47.2–48.4) | |
Race/ethnicity | 26,034 | |
Non-Hispanic white | 79.1 (76.9–81.2) | |
Non-Hispanic black | 12.3 (10.9–14.0) | |
Mexican-American | 8.5 (7.2–10.1) | |
Education | 29,088 | |
Less than high school | 19.4 (18.4–20.5) | |
High school or equivalent | 25.3 (24.2–26.3) | |
Some college | 30.2 (29.3–31.0) | |
College graduate | 25.2 (23.6-26.8) | |
Income-to-poverty ratio | 26,770 | |
<0.75 | 8.5 (7.9–9.2) | |
0.75–1.24 | 11.3 (10.4–12.2) | |
1.25–1.99 | 14.5 (13.7–15.3) | |
2.00–3.99 | 29.5 (28.4–30.6) | |
4.00+ | 36.2 (34.4–38.0) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 28,864 | |
>18.5 | 1.6 (1.4–1.9) | |
18.5–24.9 | 30.5 (29.5–31.5) | |
25 to <30 | 52.6 (51.7–53.5) | |
≥30 | 15.2 (14.5–16.0) | |
Current smoker | 29,133 | |
No | 24.7 (23.8–25.6) | |
Yes | 23.8 (22.8–24.7) | |
Missing | 51.6 (50.3–52.9) | |
Currently prescribed cardiometabolic medication | 29,133 | |
No | 70.1 (69.0–71.3) | |
Yes | 29.9 (28.7–31.0) |
Vegetable Amount/Variety | Mean (95% CI) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Least Intake | Intermediate Intake | Greatest Intake | |
Amount (cup-eq./day) 1 | 0.00 | 0.89 (0.88–0.90) | 2.90 (2.86–2.93) |
Variety (score) 2,3 | 0.00 | 0.25 (0.25–0.25) | 0.48 (0.48–0.48) |
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Conrad, Z.; Thomson, J.; Jahns, L. Prospective Analysis of Vegetable Amount and Variety on the Risk of All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality among US Adults, 1999–2011. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1377. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101377
Conrad Z, Thomson J, Jahns L. Prospective Analysis of Vegetable Amount and Variety on the Risk of All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality among US Adults, 1999–2011. Nutrients. 2018; 10(10):1377. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101377
Chicago/Turabian StyleConrad, Zach, Jessica Thomson, and Lisa Jahns. 2018. "Prospective Analysis of Vegetable Amount and Variety on the Risk of All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality among US Adults, 1999–2011" Nutrients 10, no. 10: 1377. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101377