Precision, Detection Limits, and Uncertainty in Multi-Temporal Geomatic Glacier Monitoring: The Rutor Glacier Case Study

Alpine glaciers are a vital resource for mountain regions. They provide water reserves, support energy production and tourism, and promote biodiversity. However, they are highly susceptible to climate change. In fact, they are recognised as being among the areas most affected by, and increasingly exposed to, natural hazards. The Rutor glacier in Aosta Valley, Italy, which has been the subject of repeated measurements since the 19th century and currently covers an area of around 8 km², is undergoing significant and continuous retreat. It thus serves as an exemplary case study of the impact of climate change on the Italian Alps. This ongoing research has made it possible to conduct multi-temporal analysis of the glacier. Within this framework, Politecnico di Torino, in collaboration with ARPA Valle d’Aosta, has developed a multidisciplinary research approach focused on the characterisation of alpine environments. This study illustrates the geomatic workflows and derived geospatial products that can be used to carry out a 4D monitoring of the extent and volume of the Rutor Glacier and estimate its mass balance over the past six years. A specific focus of the study is the propagation of errors in multi-temporal analyses used to quantify glacier melt, with particular attention to the precision of input 3D geospatial data and to the Limit of Detection of elevation differences, ultimately enabling the estimation of the uncertainty associated with the derived quantities and their temporal trends. Finally, advantages and limitations in the multi-temporal and multi-sensor monitoring of glaciers are presented and discussed.