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Article

Multi-Scale Validation of Suspended Sediment Retrievals in Dynamic Estuaries: Integrating Geostationary and Low-Earth-Orbiting Optical Imagery for Hangzhou Bay

1
Institute of Remote Sensing and Earth Sciences, School of Information Science and Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
2
Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310012, China
3
Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Wetland Intelligent Monitoring and Ecological Restoration, Hangzhou 311121, China
4
School of Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
5
Anhui Provincial Institute of Land and Space Planning and Research, Hefei 230601, China
6
Division of Geodetic Science, School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(12), 1975; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17121975
Submission received: 9 May 2025 / Revised: 1 June 2025 / Accepted: 5 June 2025 / Published: 6 June 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing Band Ratios for the Assessment of Water Quality)

Abstract

Water color remote sensing is vital for the monitoring and quantification of marine suspended sediment dynamics and their distributions. Yet validations of these observables in coastal regions and deltaic estuaries, including the Hangzhou Bay in the East China Sea, remain challenging, primarily due to the pronounced complex oceanic dynamics that exhibit high spatiotemporal variability in the signals of the suspended sediment concentration (SSC) in the ocean. Here, we integrate satellite images from the sun-synchronous satellites, China’s Huanjing (Chinese for environmental, HJ)-1A/B (charged couple device) CCD (30 m), and from Korea’s Geostationary Ocean Color Imager GOCI (500 m) to the spatiotemporal scale effects to validate SSC remote sensing-retrieved data products. A multi-scale validation framework based on coefficient of variation (CV)-based zoning was developed, where high-resolution HJ CCD SSC data were resampled to the GOCI scale (500 m), and spatial variability was quantified using CV values within corresponding HJ CCD windows. Traditional validation, comparing in situ point measurements directly with GOCI pixel-averaged data, introduces significant uncertainties due to pixel heterogeneity. The results indicate that in regions with high spatial heterogeneity (CV > 0.10), using central pixel values significantly weakens correlations and increases errors, with performance declining further in highly heterogeneous areas (CV > 0.15), underscoring the critical role of spatial averaging in mitigating scale-related biases. This study enhances the quantitative assessment of uncertainties in validating medium-to-low-resolution water color products, providing a robust approach for high-dynamic oceanic environment estuaries and bays.
Keywords: GOCI; HJ CCD; product validation; scale effect; suspended sediment GOCI; HJ CCD; product validation; scale effect; suspended sediment

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Dai, Y.; Wang, J.; Zhou, B.; Liu, W.; Wang, B.; Shum, C.K.; Yuan, X.; Yu, Z. Multi-Scale Validation of Suspended Sediment Retrievals in Dynamic Estuaries: Integrating Geostationary and Low-Earth-Orbiting Optical Imagery for Hangzhou Bay. Remote Sens. 2025, 17, 1975. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17121975

AMA Style

Dai Y, Wang J, Zhou B, Liu W, Wang B, Shum CK, Yuan X, Yu Z. Multi-Scale Validation of Suspended Sediment Retrievals in Dynamic Estuaries: Integrating Geostationary and Low-Earth-Orbiting Optical Imagery for Hangzhou Bay. Remote Sensing. 2025; 17(12):1975. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17121975

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dai, Yi, Jiangfei Wang, Bin Zhou, Wangbing Liu, Ben Wang, C. K. Shum, Xiaohong Yuan, and Zhifeng Yu. 2025. "Multi-Scale Validation of Suspended Sediment Retrievals in Dynamic Estuaries: Integrating Geostationary and Low-Earth-Orbiting Optical Imagery for Hangzhou Bay" Remote Sensing 17, no. 12: 1975. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17121975

APA Style

Dai, Y., Wang, J., Zhou, B., Liu, W., Wang, B., Shum, C. K., Yuan, X., & Yu, Z. (2025). Multi-Scale Validation of Suspended Sediment Retrievals in Dynamic Estuaries: Integrating Geostationary and Low-Earth-Orbiting Optical Imagery for Hangzhou Bay. Remote Sensing, 17(12), 1975. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17121975

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