Ozone Trend Analysis in Natal (5.4°S, 35.4°W, Brazil) Using Multi-Linear Regression and Empirical Decomposition Methods over 22 Years of Observations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Natal Ozone Time Series
2.1.1. Satellite Observations: TOMS, OMI, MLS-OMI
2.1.2. Radiosonde Data
2.1.3. Dobson Spectrometer Observations
2.2. The Multi-Regression Method: Trend-Run Model
2.3. EMD and EWT Decomposition Methods
2.4. EAWD Decomposition
3. Results
Ozone Variability Modes by EMD and EAWD Methods
4. Discussion
Trend Estimates by MLR and EAWD
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Detected Mode Periods | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Months) | (Years) | Tropospheric O3 | Stratospheric O3 | Total O3 | Associated Forcing |
3 | 0.25 | 15.2% | 11.5% | X | Madden–Julian |
6 | 0.5 | 10.5% | 21.0% | 20.6% | Semi-Annual |
12 | 1.0 | 69.0% | X | 40.9% | Annual mode |
26 | 2.2 | X | 30.7% | 12.6% | QBO1 |
33 | 2.8 | X | 8.3% | 8.6% | QBO2 |
133 | 11.0 | X | 18.0% | 9.7% | Solar Cycle |
94.7% | 89.5% | 92.4% | Total % of contributions | ||
+4.9 ± 1.3% | −1.3 ± 0.8% | −0.60 ± 0.30% breakpoint by 2011 | Trend Estimate |
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Bencherif, H.; Pinheiro, D.K.; Delage, O.; Millet, T.; Peres, L.V.; Bègue, N.; Bittencourt, G.; Martins, M.P.P.; Raimundo da Silva, F.; Steffenel, L.A.; et al. Ozone Trend Analysis in Natal (5.4°S, 35.4°W, Brazil) Using Multi-Linear Regression and Empirical Decomposition Methods over 22 Years of Observations. Remote Sens. 2024, 16, 208. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16010208
Bencherif H, Pinheiro DK, Delage O, Millet T, Peres LV, Bègue N, Bittencourt G, Martins MPP, Raimundo da Silva F, Steffenel LA, et al. Ozone Trend Analysis in Natal (5.4°S, 35.4°W, Brazil) Using Multi-Linear Regression and Empirical Decomposition Methods over 22 Years of Observations. Remote Sensing. 2024; 16(1):208. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16010208
Chicago/Turabian StyleBencherif, Hassan, Damaris Kirsch Pinheiro, Olivier Delage, Tristan Millet, Lucas Vaz Peres, Nelson Bègue, Gabriela Bittencourt, Maria Paulete Pereira Martins, Francisco Raimundo da Silva, Luiz Angelo Steffenel, and et al. 2024. "Ozone Trend Analysis in Natal (5.4°S, 35.4°W, Brazil) Using Multi-Linear Regression and Empirical Decomposition Methods over 22 Years of Observations" Remote Sensing 16, no. 1: 208. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16010208
APA StyleBencherif, H., Pinheiro, D. K., Delage, O., Millet, T., Peres, L. V., Bègue, N., Bittencourt, G., Martins, M. P. P., Raimundo da Silva, F., Steffenel, L. A., Mbatha, N., & Anabor, V. (2024). Ozone Trend Analysis in Natal (5.4°S, 35.4°W, Brazil) Using Multi-Linear Regression and Empirical Decomposition Methods over 22 Years of Observations. Remote Sensing, 16(1), 208. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16010208