From Monitoring to Forecasting Land Surface Conditions Using a Land Data Assimilation System: Application over the Contiguous United States
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Atmospheric Forcing
2.2. Assimilated Satellite Observations
2.3. Independent Evaluation Datasets
2.4. LDAS-Monde
2.5. Experimental Setup
2.6. Assessment
3. Results
3.1. Impact of the Analysis
3.2. Persistence: Forecast Versus Initial Conditions
3.3. Evaluation Using Satellite-Derived Products
3.3.1. Surface Soil Moisture
3.3.2. Leaf Area Index
3.3.3. Evapotranspiration
3.4. Evaluation Using In Situ Soil Moisture Observations
4. Discussion
4.1. Can LSV Conditions Be Forecasted Using a LSM?
4.2. Do LSV Initial Conditions Influence Their Forecasts?
4.3. Can Data Assimilation Improve the Accuracy of Initial Conditions of LSV Forecasts?
4.4. Can LSV Forecasts Benefit Crop Monitoring?
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ASCAT | Advanced Scatterometer |
CDF | Cumulative distribution function |
CNRM | Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques |
CGLS | Copernicus Global Land Service |
CONUS | Contiguous United States |
CTRL | Control run of ECMWF atmospheric forecasts |
DA | Data Assimilation |
ECMWF | European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts |
ERA5 | ECMWF Reanalysis 5th generation |
ET | Evapotranspiration |
FC | Forecast |
ISBA | Interactions between Soil, Biosphere, and Atmosphere |
LAI | Leaf Area Index |
LDAS | Land Data Assimilation System |
LSM | Land Surface Model |
LSV | Land Surface Variable |
NIC | Normalized contribution index |
NOAA | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |
OL | Open-loop (simulation without assimilation) |
PROBA-V | Project for On-Board Autonomy – Vegetation |
RMSD | Root-Mean-Square Deviation |
RZSM | Root-zone soil moisture |
SEKF | Simplified Extended Kalman Filter |
SSM | Surface Soil Moisture |
SWI | Soil Wetness Index |
SURFEX | Surface Externalisée (externalized surface models) |
USCRN | U.S. Climate Reference Network |
VOD | Vegetation Optical Depth |
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Model | Domain | Time Scale and Model Resolution | Atmospheric Forcing | Deterministic Atmospheric Forecast | Assimilated Observations | Model Equivalent of Observations | Control Variables |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ISBA Multi-layer soil Plant growth (“NIT” option in SURFEX) | CONUS (20N–55N, 130W–60W) | 2017–2018, 0.20° × 0.20° | CTRL first 24 h (3–hourly) | Up to 15 days | SSM (ASCAT) LAI (GEOV2) | Rescaled WG2 (1–4 cm) LAI | Layers 2 to 8 (1–100 cm) LAI |
LSV | Initialization | Score | Forecast Lead Time | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FC2 | FC4 | FC6 | FC8 | FC10 | FC12 | FC14 | |||
SSM | OL | R RMSD (m3 m−3) | 0.62 0.044 | 0.58 0.046 | 0.52 0.050 | 0.46 0.053 | 0.41 0.056 | 0.36 0.059 | 0.35 0.060 |
SEKF | R RMSD (m3 m−3) | 0.64 0.042 | 0.59 0.046 | 0.53 0.049 | 0.46 0.053 | 0.41 0.056 | 0.36 0.059 | 0.34 0.060 | |
LAI | OL | R RMSD (m2 m−2) | 0.56 1.02 | 0.55 1.02 | 0.55 1.01 | 0.57 1.01 | 0.56 1.01 | 0.56 1.01 | 0.55 1.01 |
SEKF | R RMSD (m2 m−2) | 0.69 0.73 | 0.69 0.73 | 0.69 0.73 | 0.71 0.73 | 0.71 0.73 | 0.65 0.82 | 0.64 0.82 | |
ET | OL | R RMSD (mm day−1) | 0.57 1.37 | 0.57 1.37 | 0.57 1.37 | 0.56 1.39 | 0.55 1.40 | 0.54 1.40 | 0.54 1.42 |
SEKF | R RMSD (mm day−1) | 0.58 1.35 | 0.58 1.35 | 0.58 1.36 | 0.57 1.38 | 0.56 1.39 | 0.55 1.39 | 0.55 1.40 |
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Mucia, A.; Bonan, B.; Zheng, Y.; Albergel, C.; Calvet, J.-C. From Monitoring to Forecasting Land Surface Conditions Using a Land Data Assimilation System: Application over the Contiguous United States. Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12122020
Mucia A, Bonan B, Zheng Y, Albergel C, Calvet J-C. From Monitoring to Forecasting Land Surface Conditions Using a Land Data Assimilation System: Application over the Contiguous United States. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12(12):2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12122020
Chicago/Turabian StyleMucia, Anthony, Bertrand Bonan, Yongjun Zheng, Clément Albergel, and Jean-Christophe Calvet. 2020. "From Monitoring to Forecasting Land Surface Conditions Using a Land Data Assimilation System: Application over the Contiguous United States" Remote Sensing 12, no. 12: 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12122020