Correlation between Desertification and Environmental Variables Using Remote Sensing Techniques in Hogno Khaan, Mongolia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials and Preprocessing
3.2. Processing of Images
Environmental Variables
3.3. Assessment Method
3.3.1. Weights and Scores
3.3.2. Desertification Assessment Map
- = Desertification map,
- = weight of each information layer,
- = map of each information layer.
3.4. Accuracy Checking
3.5. Linear Correlation Analysis
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Assessment of Desertification, Distribution of Environmental Variables
4.2. DeserTification Accuracy Checking
4.3. Linear Correlation between Desertification Level and Environmental Variables
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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1/9 | 1/8 | 1/7 | 1/6 | 1/5 | 1/4 | 1/3 | 1/2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Extremely | Very strongly | Strongly | Moderately | Equally | Moderately | Strongly | Very strongly | Extremely | |||||||||
Less Important | More Important |
Assets | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NDVI | LST | TGSI | Albedo | Elevation | PDI | TWI | Weight | |
NDVI | 1 | 1/2 | 2 | 4/5 | 1/1 | 2/5 | 1/5 | 0.1032 |
LST | 5 | 1 | 1/5 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 3 | 1/2 | 0.3688 |
TGSI | 6 | 1/2 | 1 | 2 | 1/1 | 2 | 1/2 | 0.0704 |
Albedo | 1/5 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1 | 1/1 | 1/5 | 1/2 | 0.0387 |
Elevation | 3 | 3/5 | 2/5 | 1/5 | 1 | 1/5 | 3 | 0.0758 |
PDI | 5 | 5 | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/1 | 1 | 1/2 | 0.2197 |
TWI | 2/5 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1/2 | 1 | 0.1234 |
Consistency ratio (CR): 0.0044 |
Variables | 1990 | 2002 | 2011 |
---|---|---|---|
NDVI | 0.71 | 0.51 | 0.74 |
Albedo | 0.59 | 0.69 | 0.64 |
TGSI | 0.36 | 0.16 | 0.02 |
LST | 30.6 | 32.2 | 31.2 |
PDI | 0.36 | 0.79 | 0.64 |
Correlation | Non | Low | Medium | High | Severe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990 | |||||
NDVI and TGSI | −0.20 | −0.38 | −0.38 | −0.57 | −0.28 |
NDVI and Albedo | −0.06 | −0.21 | −0.34 | −0.58 | −0.34 |
Albedo and TGSI | 0.77 | 0.72 | 0.45 | 0.69 | 0.33 |
NDVI and LST | 0.29 | −0.61 | −0.04 | −0.03 | 0.10 |
NDVI and PDI | 0.83 | 0.49 | 0.15 | −0.66 | −0.66 |
PDI and TGSI | 0.55 | 0.40 | 0.52 | 0.87 | 0.87 |
LST and TGSI | 0.22 | 0.31 | 0.24 | 0.11 | −0.07 |
Elevation and NDVI | −0.25 | −0.08 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.24 |
Albedo and PDI | −0.10 | 0.71 | 0.12 | 0.97 | 0.50 |
Albedo and LST | 0.15 | 0.37 | 0.18 | 0.05 | −0.04 |
PDI and LST | 0.56 | 0.25 | −0.08 | 0.05 | −0.13 |
TWI and NDVI | 0.32 | 0.19 | 0.05 | −0.01 | −0.04 |
TWI and PDI | 0.34 | 0.15 | −0.03 | −0.03 | −0.00 |
2002 | |||||
NDVI and TGSI | −0.53 | −0.30 | −0.25 | −0.17 | −1.00 |
NDVI and Albedo | −0.39 | −0.57 | −0.30 | −0.46 | −0.46 |
Albedo and GSI | 0.92 | 0.73 | 0.48 | 0.57 | 0.07 |
NDVI and LST | −0.22 | −0.26 | −0.18 | −0.09 | −0.02 |
NDVI and PDI | 0.33 | 0.58 | −0.00 | −0.34 | −0.38 |
PDI and TGSI | 0.58 | 0.39 | 0.56 | 0.85 | 0.81 |
LST and TGSI | 0.47 | 0.27 | 0.10 | −0.03 | 0.04 |
Elevation and NDVI | 0.02 | −0.26 | 0.26 | 0.49 | 0.55 |
Albedo and PDI | 0.80 | 0.83 | 0.95 | 0.96 | 0.98 |
Albedo and LST | 0.45 | 0.15 | 0.00 | 0.02 | −0.04 |
PDI and LST | 0.30 | 0.00 | −0.01 | 0.02 | −0.02 |
TWI and NDVI | 0.38 | 0.35 | 0.04 | −0.00 | −0.04 |
TWI and PDI | 0.36 | 0.30 | 0.10 | 0.00 | −0.00 |
2011 | |||||
NDVI and TGSI | −0.34 | −0.51 | −0.37 | −0.41 | −0.36 |
NDVI and Albedo | −0.12 | −0.20 | −0.25 | −0.30 | −0.31 |
Albedo and TGSI | 0.80 | 0.70 | 0.39 | 0.38 | 0.33 |
NDVI and LST | 0.08 | −0.04 | 0.05 | −0.02 | −0.14 |
NDVI and PDI | 0.75 | 0.56 | −0.04 | −0.39 | −0.54 |
PDI and TGSI | 0.35 | 0.25 | 0.52 | 0.73 | 0.84 |
LST and TGSI | 0.45 | 0.16 | 0.03 | 0.16 | 0.33 |
Elevation and NDVI | −0.17 | −0.10 | 0.12 | 0.27 | 0.33 |
Albedo and PDI | −0.01 | 0.16 | 0.33 | 0.48 | 0.64 |
Albedo and LST | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.26 | 0.44 |
PDI and LST | 0.39 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.42 | 0.55 |
TWI and NDVI | 0.34 | 0.22 | 0.08 | −0.04 | −0.01 |
TWI and PDI | 0.35 | 0.23 | 0.03 | 0.01 | −0.01 |
Desertification | 1990 | |||||||
Grade | No | Low | Medium | High | Severe | Total | Producer Accuracy | User Accuracy |
No | 87 | 18 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 107 | 92.07% | 86.91% |
Low | 14 | 88 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 112 | 77.39% | 79.46% |
Medium | 0 | 9 | 89 | 4 | 0 | 102 | 80.58% | 81.37% |
High | 0 | 0 | 2 | 85 | 24 | 111 | 94.05% | 85.58% |
Severe | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 82 | 94 | 87.73% | 98.93% |
Total | 101 | 115 | 103 | 101 | 106 | 526 | ||
Overall accuracy 0.86, kappa statistic 0.77. | ||||||||
Desertification | 2002 | |||||||
Grade | No | Low | Medium | High | Severe | Total | Producer Accuracy | User Accuracy |
Non | 93 | 12 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 107 | 86.13% | 81.30% |
Low | 8 | 89 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 112 | 76.51% | 78.57% |
Medium | 0 | 14 | 83 | 5 | 0 | 102 | 86.40% | 87.25% |
High | 0 | 0 | 4 | 95 | 13 | 111 | 84.15% | 76.57% |
Severe | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 93 | 94 | 73.35% | 87.23% |
Total | 101 | 115 | 103 | 101 | 106 | 526 | ||
Overall accuracy 0.81, kappa statistic 0.82. | ||||||||
Desertification | 2011 | |||||||
Grade | No | Low | Medium | High | Severe | Total | Producer Accuracy | User Accuracy |
No | 92 | 9 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 107 | 91.08% | 85.98% |
Low | 9 | 91 | 11 | 1 | 0 | 112 | 79.13% | 81.25% |
Medium | 0 | 12 | 82 | 6 | 2 | 102 | 79.61% | 80.39% |
High | 0 | 3 | 4 | 90 | 14 | 111 | 89.10% | 81.08% |
Severe | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 90 | 94 | 84.90% | 95.74% |
Total | 101 | 115 | 103 | 101 | 106 | 526 | ||
Overall accuracy 0.84, kappa statistic 0.80. |
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Share and Cite
Lamchin, M.; Lee, W.-K.; Jeon, S.W.; Lee, J.-Y.; Song, C.; Piao, D.; Lim, C.H.; Khaulenbek, A.; Navaandorj, I. Correlation between Desertification and Environmental Variables Using Remote Sensing Techniques in Hogno Khaan, Mongolia. Sustainability 2017, 9, 581. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040581
Lamchin M, Lee W-K, Jeon SW, Lee J-Y, Song C, Piao D, Lim CH, Khaulenbek A, Navaandorj I. Correlation between Desertification and Environmental Variables Using Remote Sensing Techniques in Hogno Khaan, Mongolia. Sustainability. 2017; 9(4):581. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040581
Chicago/Turabian StyleLamchin, Munkhnasan, Woo-Kyun Lee, Seong Woo Jeon, Jong-Yeol Lee, Cholho Song, Dongfan Piao, Chul Hee Lim, Akhmadi Khaulenbek, and Itgelt Navaandorj. 2017. "Correlation between Desertification and Environmental Variables Using Remote Sensing Techniques in Hogno Khaan, Mongolia" Sustainability 9, no. 4: 581. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040581