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Review

Integrating Traditional Sports and Games into Outdoor Recreation for Sustainable Development: Current Approaches and Future Directions

by
Bartosz Prabucki
* and
Mateusz Rozmiarek
Department of Sports Tourism, Faculty of Physical Culture Sciences, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznan, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability 2025, 17(22), 10343; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172210343
Submission received: 23 September 2025 / Revised: 13 November 2025 / Accepted: 15 November 2025 / Published: 19 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Tourism, Culture, and Heritage)
Versions Notes

Abstract

In recent years, there has been a growing academic interest in sustainable development and sustainability, as well as in forms of physical activity that may serve as alternatives to globalized sport. One such form of activity is traditional sports and games (TSG). The aim of this paper is to explore the potential of TSG as outdoor activities that integrate recreation with the three main pillars of sustainability. This objective is addressed through a rigorous, structured, non-systematic narrative review of the existing scientific literature on the subject. The authors examined academic studies concerning the relationships between TSG the three pillars of sustainability: social, environmental and economic. The results indicate that, although there are several valuable studies linking TSG with each dimension of sustainability, there remains a strong need for further, in-depth research to enhance both theoretical understanding and the practical benefits for local, regional, and global communities.

1. Introduction

1.1. What Are Traditional Sports and Games?

Traditional sports and games (often referred to in international literature as “TSG”) are distinctive forms of physical culture that have emerged from local and regional traditions and have been practiced by communities around the world for centuries. In the 20th century, these elements of everyday social life were largely overshadowed by the unifying effects of globalizing trends in sport, recreation, physical activity, and culture [1,2]. Many of them were replaced by so-called “global” sports, most notably football, while others were marginalized or removed from their local contexts, serving primarily as training tools to prepare players for participation in more popular disciplines [3]. As a result, they became endangered, facing decline and even extinction—much like threatened species [4]. However, this situation has prompted a counter-reaction, both from local and regional communities and from numerous scholars who have recognized the renewed and growing significance of these traditional forms of play and competition in recent decades. Since the 1980s, a systematic movement has been developing to rediscover, appreciate, protect, promote, and revitalize these sports and games [3,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22].
This movement has been evolving since the first meetings of scholars and practitioners interested in this field, held in Glasgow and Carhaix/Berrien. These early initiatives eventually led to the establishment of major international organizations dealing with traditional sports and games from both theoretical and practical perspectives [3]. A particularly significant milestone in this context was the founding of the European Traditional Sports and Games Association (ETSGA/AEJeST) in 2001. Equally important were documents and recommendations issued by international organizations such as UNESCO, which played a crucial role in strengthening and stabilizing this movement.
In 2003, UNESCO established the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage, recognizing traditional sports and games as an important manifestation of the cultural identity of local communities around the world [23]. Since then, a growing number of organizations, local and regional communities, and researchers have been increasingly engaged in studying this particular form of physical and social culture [5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28]. In addition, regional, national, and international associations dedicated to traditional sports and games have been founded on other continents beyond Europe. Among them are the Asian Traditional Sports and Games Association (ATSGA), La Asociación Panamericana de Juegos y Deportes Autóctonos y Tradicionales (APJDAT), and, more recently, the African Association of Traditional Sports and Games (AAJST). A substantial and continuously expanding body of literature has been devoted to this subject [5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38]. Alongside academic work, numerous practical initiatives and events have been organized to provide opportunities for people to experience and rediscover these traditional games first-hand. This dynamic trend continues to grow worldwide in the 21st century.

1.2. The Contemporary Meanings of Traditional Sports and Games

The renewed interest in traditional sports and games has been largely driven by the need to respond to the homogenizing effects of globalization, which pose a significant threat to these forms of physical activity and outdoor recreation. Researchers have observed that the reorientation of communities, ethnic groups, and even entire nations towards key elements of their cultural heritage and identity—and towards traditional games in particular—has been a reaction to global trends in which cultural diversity and distinctiveness were increasingly endangered by processes of unification [2,28]. Scholars have also emphasized that these games are not merely “treasures of the past,” but living and valuable forms of recreation and cultural heritage, offering numerous benefits that make them particularly relevant to the needs of contemporary and future societies.
Researchers have highlighted their current meanings for local and regional communities as well as for humanity as a whole. For instance, Pere Lavega drew attention to the role of traditional sports and games in promoting all three dimensions of health—mental, physical, and social [29]. It has been shown that they generate multiple positive outcomes in each of these dimensions, thereby contributing to the holistic well-being of individuals and communities [25].
Guy Jaouen emphasized the social values of TSG. In his view, unlike “global” sports, they embody significant values related to the democratization of sport and social life, as well as to more equitable access to physical culture for all. According to Jaouen, the creation of sporting and social structures that place the human being—rather than the omnipresent “market”—at the center of the global cultural and social system enables local communities to exercise one of the fundamental human rights: the right to express their own culture [30].
Pierre Parlebas argues that traditional sports fulfil a socio-motor function He claims that these sports offer, to those who know how to seize the opportunity, action situations that are highly conducive to the development of an open and adaptable sociability, even in configurations that may seem somewhat disconcerting [30]. The creator of the concept of ethnomotricity believed that TSG serve as a kind of scale model, bringing to life the fundamental principles and harmony of social relationships among their participants. “As such, their role can make an important contribution to the development of a fully formed sociability and to the acquisition of a significant aspect of social well-being” [30]. Numerous researchers also emphasize the specific and diverse values of traditional sports and games in today’s world [5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,30,31,32,33,34,35].
Nowadays, one may ask: why do people still practice traditional sports and games? In a world dominated by modern, “global” sports, the growing influence of e-sports and artificial intelligence, and countless other opportunities for active leisure, thousands of individuals within local and regional communities continue to engage in traditional forms of physical activity such as TSG. The answer lies in their numerous practical values and characteristics, which make them particularly relevant to the current and future needs of humanity in an increasingly globalized world.

1.3. The Role of Traditional Sports in Maintaining and Developing Sustainability

One of the most significant positive features of these forms of recreation is their potential to contribute, both now and in the future, to sustainable development and the key pillars of sustainability. As Annesi et al. observed, sustainability has become a pervasive topic across all sectors and research fields [36]. Since the 1970s, this concept has been widely discussed by scholars, policymakers, and other experts.
A major milestone in this context is UNESCO’s Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development, which identifies respect for the environment and sustainability education as crucial components in addressing the challenges faced by contemporary societies [37]. Furthermore, the United Nations has defined 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), encompassing not only environmental but also social, cultural, and educational dimensions. Among them are Quality Education (Goal 4), Gender Equality (Goal 5), and Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions (Goal 16) [38]. Traditional sports and games can make a meaningful contribution to achieving many of these goals.
Sustainability is commonly conceptualized as comprising three main pillars: environmental, economic, and social. These are often illustrated either as three literal pillars supporting a “roof” labeled sustainability, or as three intersecting circles representing their interdependence [39]. Traditional sports and games can establish meaningful and beneficial relationships with each of these pillars, fostering the development of broadly understood sustainability—a goal that is, and will continue to be, crucial for contemporary and future societies.
Currently, sustainability is linked to many areas of culture and social life, including sport. According to recent publications and policy frameworks of leading international organizations involved in sport, culture, education, and society, the topic of sport sustainability has gained particular significance. For instance, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) promotes sport sustainability through its specialized programs, such as the Olympic Agenda 2020+5 and the IOC Sustainable Development Strategy. These programs focus on five key areas: construction and operation of venues, procurement, mobility, resource management, and climate. The IOC implements these principles through policies encouraging the use of existing venues, reducing emissions, and promoting circular economy practices in Olympic planning. Furthermore, the IOC encourages the Olympic movement to adopt sustainable development practices in cooperation with the United Nations [40].
Similarly, UNESCO promotes sport sustainability by integrating sport with education and socio-economic development policies, implementing initiatives such as the “Fit for Life” Program and the “Kazan Action Plan.” These programs emphasize high-quality physical education as a tool for health, resilience, and employment. Particularly relevant to the social pillar of sustainability, UNESCO highlights the role of sport in fostering social inclusion, gender equality, and peace-building [40,41,42]. Traditional sports and games hold a special significance in this context, as they are recognized for their important social and educational values [43].
Based on this recognition, the aim of this paper is to explore the subject of using traditional sports and games as outdoor activities that combine recreation and different pillars of sustainability through a rigorous review of the existing scientific literature on the topic. To date, there has been no comprehensive review of these forms of physical activity in the context of sustainability, highlighting a significant gap in the research. Some previous studies highlighted the potential of sport with regard to sustainability. For instance, Annesi et al. [36] conducted a review of sport-related studies, focusing on sustainability. The authors presented interesting findings; however, except for noticing some outdoor sports and traditional sports clubs, they did not include in their analyses any papers related to the relationships between these particular forms of physical activity, which are TSG, and sustainability [36].
Apart from the aforementioned study, the authors of this paper have not identified any other comprehensive review addressing this topic. There is a clear need for an in-depth synthesis of the existing literature examining the relationships between TSG and the main pillars of sustainability. Such a review is essential not only to assess the current state of knowledge, but also to identify research gaps and directions for future studies focusing on the potential of traditional sports as practical tools for promoting and embodying the principles of sustainability. Furthermore, insights from these studies may have important practical implications, supporting local and regional communities in pursuing more sustainable lifestyles. Therefore, the present paper addresses a previously unexplored area of academic inquiry.

2. Methodology

This paper is based on a structured, non-systematic narrative review of the existing scientific literature concerning the above-mentioned topic. The inclusion criteria were clearly defined: eligible studies had to address traditional sports and games in relation to at least one of the three main pillars of sustainability—social, environmental, or economic—and be published in English. Studies focusing exclusively on competitive or professional sports without a sustainability component were excluded. The literature search was conducted primarily through Google Scholar, and further supplemented by Scopus and Web of Science databases. The analyzed papers explored the relationships between traditional sports and games and the three main pillars of sustainability. Google Scholar was selected as the primary database, as it indexes a wide range of scholarly literature, is freely accessible, and provides advanced search options. Its algorithm ranks sources by relevance and citation impact, which facilitates the identification of key academic works and emerging research trends. To ensure the reliability and comprehensiveness of the search process, additional databases such as Scopus and Web of Science were also used. During the search process, the authors observed a point at which the retrieved articles began to recur and no new relevant studies appeared, indicating that data saturation had been reached.
The following search strings and keywords were used to ensure a comprehensive retrieval of relevant studies:
-
traditional sports and sustainability,
-
traditional sports and sustainable development,
-
traditional sports and sustainable recreation,
-
traditional sports and social sustainability,
-
traditional sports and environmental sustainability,
-
traditional sports and physical sustainability,
-
traditional sports and economic sustainability.
The research period lasted from 1 June to 15 August 2025. Following a careful analysis, the authors identified and reviewed 18 articles addressing this issue. Among these, only three studies were primarily devoted to exploring the intersection between TSG and sustainability. The remaining 15 articles either partially discussed the topic or mentioned it only in passing. The main findings from this review were organized into three sections, each focusing on the relationship between traditional sports and games and a specific pillar of sustainability: social, environmental, and economic. An additional, fourth section briefly addresses the interconnections between TSG and the integrative aspects of multiple sustainability pillars.
Table 1 presents key information on the 18 reviewed studies, indicating which pillar or pillars of sustainability in relation to TSG were analyzed by the respective authors. Subsequently, the authors briefly discuss the results, draw conclusions, and outline the limitations, future directions, and research recommendations intended to inform both academic scholarship and practical applications in sustainable recreational planning.

3. Results

3.1. Traditional Sports and Games and Social Sustainability

The social pillar was the last to be integrated into the broader concept of sustainability. Numerous attempts have been made to define this concept [60,61,62,63,64]. According to Efrat et al. [48], social sustainability is related to sustainable relationships between people, appropriate social interactions, and social integration and inclusion. Traditional sports and games, as outdoor recreational activities, are particularly relevant to this pillar of sustainability.
In one of the most comprehensive analyses of traditional sports and their role in teaching social sustainability, Luchoro-Parrilla et al. [44] argue that these forms of outdoor recreation are exceptional resources for fostering the above-mentioned SDGs, particularly in promoting high-quality physical education. TSG are motor and recreational activities rooted in local cultures, fostering sustainability from environmental, physical, and social perspectives [44].
With regard to social sustainability, TSG are typically performed through social interaction with others. As the authors note, in this interpersonal perspective, bodily techniques foster social subjectification, the process by which individuals internalize the signs and values inherent in interpersonal relationships in their society [44]. Moreover, TSG encourage the development of sustainable relationships among participants. This occurs through engagement in motor actions characterized by their own internal logic (the specific rules and structure of each game) and external logic (the original socio-cultural context in which the activity takes place) [44]. These games are generally played outdoors, in natural environments, for recreation and enjoyment. This makes them valuable motor and recreational activities that effectively integrate outdoor recreation with social sustainability.
Saura and Zimmerman [45] place traditional sports in a slightly different context regarding their relationship with social sustainability. In urban environments, sustainability involves the use of public spaces and interpersonal encounters through collective play. Such activities can promote empathy among participants and foster dialogue with others [45]. Being outdoors together—learning, playing, and having fun through recreational activities such as TSG—is possible even in large cities, and this, according to the authors, is of central importance. As Saura and Zimmerman [45] argue, traditional sports, understood as bodily practices that engage in a dialogue with humanity, are expressed through symbolic gestures and corporeality. These sports occupy a central position within social processes described as “doing-together”, which involve both the participants and broader communities [45]. In this context, the social dimension of sustainability becomes linked to cultural dialogue among diverse groups, serving as a meaningful contribution to a culture of peace [45]. Because traditional sports effectively combine outdoor recreation with social and cultural sustainability, the authors emphasize that they should be incorporated into public policy frameworks.
Similar findings were reported in the study conducted by Costes et al. [46] on traditional sporting games in the Catalan, Valencian, and Balearic regions. The authors argue that traditional sporting games, as forms of outdoor activity, represent a “society in miniature”, where participants learn to live within a community through diverse play scenarios. Engaging in such recreational games involves continuous social exchange among players [46]. According to Costes et al. [46], these games promote the development of social sustainability through participation (everyone is welcome to play), equality (the same rules apply to all players), and social cohesion (playing communities strengthen their internal relationships). Consequently, traditional sporting games combine outdoor recreation with the development of social sustainability—cooperation based on equality, collective rule-making, the pursuit of common goals, and genuine, meaningful interpersonal relationships. These forms of recreational outdoor activity thus contribute to learning processes oriented toward sustainable well-being [46].
Similar conclusions were drawn by Luchoro-Parrilla et al. [47] in their research on local traditional games conducted in the Canary Islands. The authors found that through these playful and recreational activities, core social values—such as learning to live together, social inclusion, gender equality, and socio-emotional well-being—can be effectively promoted. Moreover, sustainable actions related to social relationships and community engagement—key components of social sustainability—can be put into practice [47].
Kranjčević [48] addresses a slightly different issue in this context—the topic of traditional rural sports and games and their potential contribution to sustainable development planning. The author examines whether such outdoor activities can be used as tourist attractions to support sustainable development at the local, regional, and national levels. She argues that although these games offer numerous values—social, sporting, cultural, educational, economic, and sustainability-related—their use as outdoor activities combining recreation and sustainable development remains limited. While some local authorities promote these games as tourist attractions to encourage outdoor recreation, Kranjčević [48] notes that public awareness of the role of sport-related heritage in sustainable development is still insufficiently developed.
In her subsequent studies, Kranjčević [49] also explores the possibility of using traditional sports as a resource for sustainable development planning at various levels. She further considers whether it is possible to achieve the SDGs through the effective governance of these recreational forms. According to her, the integral significance of TSG as a sustainable development planning resource is absent from international and national interdisciplinary research encompassing sport, culture, economy, education, health, and ecology [49].
Kranjčević [49] argues that traditional sports are forms of leisure-time recreation that can be practiced by people of different ages, genders, and abilities. They do not require regular or intensive training, specialized equipment, or designated venues. Owing to these characteristics, traditional sports represent attractive forms of outdoor activity that combine recreational, cultural, and social values. She further recommends that the achievement of the SDGs should be grounded in recognizing and revitalizing these values—adapting traditional sports to contemporary contexts and creating new value for society. In this way, such outdoor activities can simultaneously promote recreation, encourage healthy and enjoyable lifestyles, and strengthen social sustainability.
Bin and Lanjuan [50] argue that integrating TSG as forms of outdoor recreational physical activity into tourism design in the Kampoeng Lama region of Indonesia supports all three previously mentioned pillars of sustainability—economic, environmental, and social. According to the authors, these activities “not only possess the essential functions of fitness and entertainment within sports culture, but also serve various social functions and play an important role in promoting regional social progress” [50].
With regard to social sustainability, Bin and Lanjuan [50] identify several activities that combine recreation and tourism, such as synchronizing prayer times, hygiene practices, and the use of physical spaces to facilitate sports and games. These activities enable participants to enjoy tourism attractions while meeting community needs without discrimination or exclusion. The authors also highlight the collective participation of local residents in weekly communal work (known as gotong royong), which strengthens social cohesion and helps maintain sports and tourism facilities. Such initiatives contribute to enhancing the social capital of the community [50].
In their studies on traditional sports and tourism in Croatia, Kranjčević et al. [51] argue that traditional sports already serve as an important source of enrichment for tourism and tourist products in their country, reflecting local traditions and ways of life. They emphasize the special connection between tourists and local communities, which strengthens the expression of regional identity. In their view, this connection contributes to greater recognizability of regional destinations and promotes alignment with the principles of sustainable development [51]. In this way, traditional games combine their recreational value with the social—and cultural—pillars of sustainability.
Xiangsheng and Hongsaenyatham [52], in their research on traditional Chinese sports, argue that it is essential to promote the sustainable development of the traditional national sports culture known as Nadam. They claim that this sports culture shares many features with the social and cultural dimensions of sustainability and, if properly managed and supported by national policy, can play a significant role in building a regional community with a shared future for humankind [52]. Among the most important factors contributing to the sustainable development of such outdoor activities, the authors highlight active social participation in Nadam events. In their opinion, this is the key to supporting the sustainable development of these practices and their relationship with the social dimension of sustainability. Traditional Chinese sports should therefore be preserved, and the social values they embody should be passed on to future generations [52]. In this way, the values of Chinese sports—as attractive outdoor activities combining recreation, cultural heritage, and social sustainability—can be further strengthened.
Malchrowicz-Mośko et al. [53] argue that despite the development of modern sports, traditional sports will remain popular, as many people continue to value traditional outdoor recreation that enables them to experience a state of flow [53]. The authors classify these activities within the broader category of recreational or so-called “slow” sports, emphasizing several values associated with such outdoor practices, including the creation and strengthening of social bonds through the joint participation of diverse groups. For participants engaging in these forms of outdoor recreation, the joy and satisfaction of improving one’s body in a sustainable manner outweigh the pursuit of speed, strength, or victory [53]. This represents a growing alternative to global, modern, professional sport—one that is particularly relevant when it comes to integrating healthy outdoor recreation with the objectives of social and environmental sustainability.
Shivakumar [35], in his reflections on traditional sports in India, describes these sports as important and attractive outdoor activities that have long been an integral part of Indian life. They were primarily played for recreational purposes during leisure time. At the same time, they have always been—and continue to be—an essential element of Indian culture and a symbol of the country’s cultural diversity. Examples include Kho-Kho, Atya Patya, and Kabaddi [18]. Shivakumar [35] refers to the UNESCO Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development, which identifies respect for the environment and sustainability education as key challenges for societies worldwide in the near future. He argues that physical education can play a vital role in sustainability education through traditional sports and related events [35]. These sports are also important for the social pillar of sustainability, as they bring children and young people together, encouraging teamwork and social interaction. In addition, traditional sports foster coordination, life skills, and social relationships, which, according to Shivakumar, are essential for every individual in a just society [35].
In their original research on a specific traditional game called Elbow Tag, Lavega et al. [54] observed that this outdoor activity creatively combines recreation with social sustainability. According to the authors, this simple game offers a valuable opportunity to foster key skills such as dialogue, social cohesion, and the development of interpersonal relationships. Moreover, it facilitates the internalization of a system of shared values and promotes social cohesion among participants, who experience a unique, subjective sense of social time shaped by their actions, decisions, and interactions with others [54]. As the authors note, “in an increasingly globalized and diverse world, education for social sustainability has become a fundamental priority for twenty-first-century society” ([54], p. 9).

3.2. Traditional Sports and Games and Environmental Sustainability

Environmental sustainability refers tothe protection of the natural environment in ways that support human life. It concerns the integrity of ecosystems, the carrying capacity of the natural environment, and the sustainable use of natural capital as a source of economic inputs [60]. Regarding this pillar of sustainability, the authors found significantly fewer studies addressing this topic in the context of traditional sports. However, some research has examined or at least mentioned this issue.
Luchoro-Parrilla et al. [44] observed that traditional sports and games promote sustainability from at least two perspectives: social and environmental. With regard to the latter, they noted that participation in these outdoor activities helps children learn how to care for the physical environment. This occurs through two main processes: sourcing materials for play directly from nature (e.g., stones, branches, herbs, reeds, fruits, or bones) and crafting them in an artisanal manner that respects the principles of physical and environmental sustainability. In doing so, children learn how to retrieve, recycle, and reuse natural resources—three key actions in sustainable learning, according to the authors. In their innovative study, Luchoro-Parrilla et al. [44] investigated how various motor situations in traditional games influence the acquisition of physical and environmental sustainability competencies. They employed both quantitative and qualitative methods, and the results confirmed the positive impact of these motor experiences on the development of meaningful sustainable learning [44]. Moreover, the authors argued that the involvement of different participants and motor contexts in outdoor activities such as traditional sports contributes positively to several SDGs, including Responsible Production and Consumption (Goal 12), and Life on Land (Goal 15). Through active participation in such outdoor practices, participants develop environmental awareness by using sustainable materials, appreciating and conserving the natural environment, practicing responsible consumption through the use of recycled and local materials, and integrating local environmental elements into educational and recreational activities. This, in turn, fosters a deeper connection with nature and promotes local ecosystems and biodiversity. According to Luchoro-Parrilla et al. [44], such experiences are essential for sustainable development and biodiversity preservation and can lead to greater awareness and more sustainable behaviors in participants’ everyday lives.
In their studies on traditional games in the Canary Islands, Luchoro-Parrilla et al. [57] also observed that these forms of recreational activity can foster sustainable actions related to the physical environment. The authors examined several thousand games played across the archipelago and identified many in which participants use natural objects such as Canary Island palms, verol, gamona, shells and fossils, stones, banana leaves, and native plants. By using these natural materials, players establish a special connection with the natural environment and gain unique experiences of embodied material culture. In this context, environmental sustainability education emerges as a core form of knowledge transmitted through the heritage of traditional games in the Canary Islands [47].
Nasution et al. [55] note that the use of traditional sports as forms of physical education within sustainable tourism design in Kampoeng Lama village, Indonesia, supports the three pillars of sustainability: social, economic, and environmental. With regard to environmental sustainability, it is reflected in the design of local walking paths that avoid new construction projects, thereby preserving the region’s agricultural topography. It also involves establishing designated zones for practicing traditional sports, other physical activities, and tourism in ways that prevent the permanent conversion of farmland [55]. The local government has also introduced pollution management initiatives, including centralized parking areas and a shuttle system, to reduce air pollution and traffic congestion caused by visitors attending sports and tourism events. Moreover, regional authorities promote environmental education through active participation, emphasizing that genuine environmental sustainability depends on behavioral change and public awareness [55]. As a result, Kampoeng Lama maintains ecological balance in its activities. Traditional sports, together with other forms of physical activity, are integrated into the region’s tourism strategy, combining their health-related and recreational benefits with attention to environmental sustainability. As the authors conclude, these initiatives directly contribute to several SDGs, including improved health and awareness, inclusive communities, and responsible land development. By rebranding physical activity not just as a leisure activity, but as a channel of identity, wellness, and sustainability, the village serves here as a potential model for how conventional customs might be creatively repurposed for the contemporary tourism economy [55].
Costes et al. [46], in their documentary research on traditional sports and games in Catalonia, Valencia, the Balearic Islands, and southern France, observed that these forms of outdoor recreational activity foster environmental sustainability by promoting respect for the natural environment. In particular, games involving the use of physical objects exemplify sustainable learning oriented toward environmental awareness. This is because, unlike so-called “modern” sports, these games are played with objects sourced from the local environment—either natural or domestic. Before playing, participants engage in two ecological actions: first, searching for natural materials, and then preparing from them objects suitable for specific games. Through this process, they learn to value and practice the sustainable use of natural resources [46].
Saura and Zimmermann [45], in their studies on traditional sports and games in Brazil, observed that these outdoor recreational activities maintain a close relationship with the natural environment. Participants create playing equipment using locally sourced, natural materials, often of organic origin. Children who take part in these games and related festivals learn to share spaces and simple equipment, as well as to craft such items from natural resources. Traditional games generally require neither large spaces nor complex infrastructure, which means their environmental impact is significantly lower than that of so-called “modern” sports. As the authors note, during the serious environmental crisis that we are currently experiencing, this is an issue that has attracted the attention of sports researchers [45].
Shivakumar [35] observed that physical activity can play a vital role in sustainability education through traditional sports events. These outdoor activities are particularly relevant in the context of environmental sustainability, as they are typically played using natural materials and should be valued for their environmentally friendly nature. Moreover, as the author emphasizes, such games highlight the importance of all living beings and promote respect for the natural world [35].
Similarly, Nofrizal et al. [56], in their research on the role of traditional sports in maintaining and preserving regional culture in Indonesia, noted that most of these sports are practiced outdoors, with some directly using nature as their playing field. In their view, this fosters environmental stewardship and strengthens the human connection with nature [56]. They argue that these outdoor activities can form part of a sustainable lifestyle, linking recreation with environmental conservation and preservation [56,61].

3.3. Traditional Sports and Games and Economic Sustainability

Economic sustainability, or the economic pillar of sustainability, can be understood as economic development achieved without compromising ecological or social sustainability [62]. There is relatively little research addressing the relationship between traditional sports and this dimension of sustainability—specifically, studies that explicitly use the term economic sustainability. However, several authors have pointed out that traditional sports are not only forms of recreational activity but can also contribute to the economic capital of participants, local communities, and regions.
Nasution et al. [55] emphasized that traditional sports and other forms of physical education should be more closely integrated with rural tourism management. According to the authors, incorporating a greater number of such outdoor activities into rural tourism can help regions and destinations attract more health-oriented tourists. Rural landscapes, when positioned as tourist attractions, can be sustained more effectively if visitors actively engage in these recreational activities during their stay [55].
This aspect is also significant in the context of Community-Based Tourism in Indonesia. The country seeks more sustainable strategies to preserve its rural landscapes and support local communities. These communities should play a more active role in shaping local tourism by using it to showcase and conserve their traditional ways of life, while simultaneously creating an additional source of livelihood. By sharing their customs and traditions with tourists in a sustainable manner—and at the same time remaining both the custodians and beneficiaries of local heritage—communities can enhance economic sustainability by ensuring that a greater share of tourism revenues remains within the local economy [55,57,63,64,65].
Prabucki [2], in his research on traditional sports events in Scotland—specifically the Highland Games and Gatherings—noted that, alongside their cultural and social significance, these events also hold substantial economic importance for the local Scottish communities that organize them. They often generate positive economic effects, supporting local economies and contributing to the material well-being of individual participants. Moreover, they function as a mechanism of “redistribution of goods,” as the organization of Highland Games in small Scottish towns allows local communities to participate in a fairer and more equitable distribution of resources and benefits derived from tourism, thereby fostering local capital accumulation [2]. This provides further evidence that traditional sports are not merely outdoor recreational activities but also integrate recreation with sustainability—particularly through the economic pillar.
Nofrizal et al. [56], in their research on traditional sports in Indonesia, observed that many of these activities provide economic opportunities for local communities. Examples include the production of traditional sports equipment, the organization of local traditional sports festivals, and the promotion of regional tourism [56]. Additionally, traditional sports can serve as tourist attractions, as festivals or other events may draw both local and international visitors, thereby boosting economic growth [57,61].
Bjeljac et al. [57] examined traditional sports in the context of sustainable rural tourism development, using the rural sport event Vojvođanska Olimpijada Starih Sportova (The Olympics of Old Sports of Vojvodina) in Serbia as a case study. They argue that such events can contribute to the revitalization of regional rural tourism. Traditional sports, as outdoor recreational activities and integral components of these events, constitute important elements—or “tourist products”—within the broader offer and promotion of rural, cultural, religious, and sport-recreational tourism [57].
Similar conclusions are drawn by Nasution et al. [55] regarding the integration of traditional sports into sustainable rural tourism in Indonesia. The authors contend that these forms of physical recreation help promote and preserve local cultural heritage. By presenting traditional sports as tourism experiences, regions and destinations can develop diverse offerings to attract health-oriented tourists while strengthening the social networks of host communities [55].
Hamidreza et al. [58] conducted research on factors influencing the sustainable development of traditional sports tourism, focusing on events such as the Kabaddi Festival, horse-riding competitions, and traditional wrestling contests in Iran. The authors argue that organizing and hosting such festivals has, in recent years, emerged as a significant opportunity for developing sustainable sports tourism [58]. Research indicates that traditional sports, as appealing forms of outdoor recreational activity, can leverage tourist participation to enhance quality of life and support the development of the economic, cultural, and social dimensions of sustainability [57,58,63,64,65]. Hamidreza et al. [58] conclude that traditional sports festivals possess high potential for fostering more sustainable tourism, provided that organizers consider the full range of factors and values these recreational activities convey, including cultural, environmental, economic, and social dimensions. To achieve this development of sustainable tourism through the inclusion of traditional sports festivals, Hamidreza et al. [58] suggest establishing a coordinated management structure among tourism organizations—particularly those focused on eco-tourism—creating active local institutions in tourist areas, enhancing the quality of services offered by tourist agencies, and forming a strategic alliance for sports tourism in the region to encourage private sector investment [58]. If successfully implemented, this management structure could position the local region as a focal point for traditional sports ecotourism and sustainable development [58].
Kylasov [59] also argues that traditional sports, as attractive outdoor recreational activities, can serve as a resource for sustainable development due to their growing popularity in many societies. He suggests that the sustainable development of these games is particularly feasible when they are incorporated into event tourism [59]. In summary, most studies examining traditional sports and games in relation to the economic dimension of sustainability highlight their importance and potential as components of sustainable tourism, emphasizing the economic benefits they can bring to local and regional communities.

3.4. Traditional Sports and Other Pillars of Sustainability

With regard to other forms of sustainability, cultural sustainability is also closely linked to sustainable development and is sometimes considered the fourth pillar of sustainability [66]. Cultural sustainability typically refers to the preservation and continuation of cultural heritage and local traditions in a manner consistent with the core principles of sustainability [66]. Numerous studies have demonstrated that local cultures possess capacities and assets that are valuable for addressing certain environmental risks [67,68,69,70]. However, as Järvelä [67] notes, the importance of cultural sustainability remains underestimated and is not yet adequately recognized as an essential dynamic resource for fostering social change toward sustainable development. When cultural sustainability is understood as the preservation and promotion of local cultures, values, and traditions, it is possible to identify a substantial body of research examining traditional sports within this context. These sports are regarded by many authors as important—and sometimes even crucial—“tools” employed by local and regional communities, and in some cases entire nations, to preserve and promote their cultural heritage [1,2,4,11,12,13,23,24,27,28,30,48,49]. A common theme across these studies is the recognition of traditional sports not merely as motor activities but as integral components of culture. Thanks to their unique characteristics, traditional sports combine outdoor recreation with significant cultural values, contributing to the maintenance, preservation, and promotion of local and regional cultures [2]. As this topic extends beyond the primary focus of this paper—which is the relationship between TSG and the three main pillars of sustainability—and would require a separate, comprehensive review, interested readers are referred to the sources cited above for further information.
Regarding the educational dimension of sustainability, traditional sports and games, if appropriately selected and organized, can serve as effective tools for sustainable learning. Several authors have demonstrated that participants’ experiences in these motor and recreational activities can positively contribute to the development of meaningful sustainable learning [44]. This includes the acquisition of fundamental knowledge related to social and physical sustainability through engagement in motor actions and the diverse scenarios presented within traditional sports and games.
Participants can develop sustainable intercultural relationships with other participants or with the environment, treated as a “learning laboratory” [44]. Consequently, TSG can contribute to SDG 4: Quality Education. The authors also note that experiences gained through participation in these outdoor recreational activities can support SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being. In the context of traditional sports, this goal is particularly associated with emotional well-being, healthy living, and overall well-being for people of all ages [71,72]. As the authors conclude, “traditional games are a resource of utmost interest for promoting interpersonal relationships linked to the development of social sustainability” [44].

4. Discussion and Suggestions for Future Research Directions

In this paper, the authors have reviewed selected studies examining the relationships between traditional sports and games, as forms of outdoor recreation, and various dimensions of sustainability. Some of these studies have made significant contributions to the topic. However, it is important to emphasize that, despite these contributions, a considerable gap remains in comprehensive, systematic research addressing all three pillars of sustainability—social, environmental, and economic—in relation to TSG. Annesi et al. [36], in their research on the broader relationships between sport and sustainability, observed that 27% of sport-related studies focus on the environmental dimension of sustainability, while only 9% address the social pillar and five % examine the economic dimension. According to Annesi et al. [36], the environmental impacts of and through sport dominate the broader sports literature, reflecting both a research bias and the increasing societal emphasis on ecological concerns [36].
The review of the relationships between TSG and different pillars of sustainability yielded varied outcomes. Most authors (12 out of 18, 66.6%). focused on the social pillar of sustainability, emphasizing the role of TSG in promoting social cohesion, inclusive participation, intergenerational interaction, and the transmission of cultural and ethical values through structured and playful activities. The connections between TSG and the environmental (and physical) dimension of sustainability were addressed less frequently, by seven out of 18 authors (38.8%). Where discussed, the emphasis was primarily on the ecological impact of materials and spaces used for TSG, the promotion of environmental awareness, and the integration of nature-based practices into recreational activities, highlighting the educational potential of TSG for fostering environmental stewardship. Among the analyzed studies, only one explicitly mentioned the relationship between traditional sports and economic sustainability using this term. However, five out of 18 authors examined the economic significance of TSG for local communities, without explicitly using the term “economic sustainability,” but clearly addressing this pillar as defined in this review (see Table 1).
Given the growing global interest in TSG and their practical significance in contemporary society [1,2,3,4], it is essential to expand research on the multidimensional sustainability outcomes of TSG. In-depth studies are needed that focus on the current use of these sports as more sustainable forms of outdoor recreation. Such research should integrate both qualitative and quantitative methods, including ethnographic observations, surveys, and case studies, to comprehensively assess their social, environmental, and economic impacts.
Particular attention should be given to the relationships between TSG and physical and environmental sustainability. Investigating how TSG can contribute to the achievement of specific SDGs [38] promises valuable scientific insights. Equally important, the findings of such research can have practical applications, helping individuals and institutions better understand the significance of these forms of outdoor recreation and incorporate them into activities offered by hotels, clubs, and other recreational organizations. Choosing and promoting environmentally friendly forms of outdoor recreation can also enable participants to contribute to the preservation of our planet.
It is also crucial to advance detailed research on the relationships between TSG as forms of outdoor recreation and the social pillar of sustainability. Rigorous longitudinal studies and cross-cultural comparisons could illuminate the long-term social benefits of TSG, including increased community engagement, intercultural understanding, and enhanced mental health outcomes. Such research can further support the development of social, cultural, and educational SDGs, including Quality Education (Goal 4), and Gender Equality (Goal 5).
Regarding the relationship between TSG and the economic pillar of sustainability, it is recommended to conduct rigorous, in-depth research on their use and potential as cultural, sustainable, and eco-tourism attractions, enabling local and regional communities to benefit from these emerging forms of tourism in a more sustainable manner. Research should also explore the role of TSG in developing the economic capital of towns and cities worldwide. Another promising avenue is investigating the potential of traditional sports and games as attractions for cultural tourism, bringing both visitors and economic benefits to local and regional communities.
Regarding methodological limitations, most of the reviewed studies have insufficiently employed qualitative methods. The use of structured or semi-structured interviews to explore the significance of TSG for local and regional communities, in relation to the social, environmental, and economic pillars of sustainability, would be beneficial from both theoretical and practical perspectives.
Among underexplored areas, there remains considerable potential for investigating the role of TSG in fostering social inclusion, integration, and gender equality. It would also be valuable to examine the contribution of traditional sports and games to quality physical education and other educational contexts. Such research could be grounded in the theoretical framework of the United Nations SDGs (particularly those related to quality education and peace) and assess whether TSG can meaningfully support the achievement of these goals.
With respect to geographical coverage, most of the reviewed studies focus on Western Europe and Asia. Expanding research to less-studied regions, such as Eastern Europe, South America, Africa, and other areas, would provide a more comprehensive understanding of the relationships between TSG and sustainability.
An additional emerging research area concerns the potential of TSG as tools for peace-building and conflict mitigation, which is particularly relevant in the context of the growing Peace Sports movement [73]. Empirical studies could examine how TSG foster dialogue, cooperation, and conflict-resolution skills, thereby contributing to SDG 16: Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions. Such investigations would further highlight the multidimensional value of traditional sports and games beyond recreation, positioning them as instruments for holistic societal development.

5. Conclusions

Historically, research on TSG focused on their discovery or rediscovery for current and future generations. These studies, similar to investigations in other cultural and social fields, primarily aimed to document the existence of these forms of outdoor activity and demonstrate that they had not entirely disappeared [74,75,76,77,78,79,80]. Subsequently, much research shifted toward examining the roles, functions, and significance of TSG for local and regional communities, and in some cases for entire nations [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28].
Today, researchers are encouraged to build on this foundation by exploring new roles and functions of these recreational activities that align with the needs of contemporary, post-modern, and future societies. One of the most promising areas of study in this context is the intersection of outdoor recreation, eco-tourism, and the multiple pillars of sustainability as embodied in traditional games.
As this review demonstrates, researchers have already identified several connections between TSG and key SDGs, as well as all major pillars of sustainability. The authors of this paper found that numerous links exist between TSG and the social dimension of sustainability. These games should be regarded as valuable and promising tools for social integration, inclusion, education in social values, fairness, justice, peace, and broader social sustainability, as expressed through various playing situations. The connections between TSG and the environmental pillar of sustainability are less well documented. Nevertheless, some studies indicate that these games can serve as effective tools for fostering respect for the environment, promoting the use of eco-friendly and sustainable equipment and playing spaces, teaching environmental sustainability, and encouraging respect for nature. The least explored area is the relationship between traditional games and economic sustainability. Some authors have noted that TSG can contribute to improving the economic status of local and regional communities by serving as attractions during local and regional cultural and sports events [2,48,49,51]. Moreover, the potential of these games as drivers of sport and cultural tourism [77,78,79,80] represents a promising and emerging topic for future research.
TSG represent a valuable component of humanity’s intangible cultural heritage. Compared to other forms of physical activity and recreation, TSG demonstrate particularly strong connections to natural environments and the promotion of social values. They hold significant importance for local communities in contemporary societies, functioning not only as recreational activities but also as instruments for cultural transmission and social cohesion. Emerging evidence suggests that TSG are closely associated with multiple SDGs and the three primary pillars of sustainability—social, environmental, and economic. Accordingly, there is a clear need for further empirical research in this area, as such studies can provide both theoretically meaningful insights and practical applications that benefit scientific understanding as well as local, regional, and global communities.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, B.P. and M.R.; methodology, B.P. and M.R.; investigation, B.P.; resources, B.P.; writing—original draft preparation, B.P.; writing—review and editing, B.P. and M.R.; visualization, B.P.; supervision, B.P. and M.R.; project administration, B.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

No new data were created or analyzed in this study.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Table 1. Reviewed studies with key information.
Table 1. Reviewed studies with key information.
AuthorYearJournal/Book/PublisherPillar of Sustainability, Analyzed in Relation to TSG
Luchoro-Parrilla et. al. [44]2024SustainabilitySocial, Environmental
Saura and Zimmermann [45]2021Frontiers in PsychologySocial,
Environmental
Costes et al. [46]2021Frontiers in PsychologySocial,
Environmental
Luchoro-Parrilla et al. [47]2021Frontiers in PsychologySocial,
Environmental
Kranjčević [48]2022Cambridge Scholars PublishingSocial
Kranjčević [49]2022International Perspectives on Sport for Sustainable DevelopmentSocial
Bin and Lanjuan [50]2019Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Education Technology, Management and Humanities Science [ETMHS]Social
Kranjčević et al. [51]2020Traditional Sports and Games in the Context of Tourism, Nikolic Deric, T.; Ed.; Istarski Pljockarski Savez: SvetvincenatSocial
Xiangsheng and Hongsaenyatham [52]2023International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies Science ReviewsSocial
Malchrowicz-Mośko et al. [53]2018International Journal of Environmental Research and Public HealthSocial
Shivakumar [35]2024International Journal of Innovative Practice and Applied ResearchSocial,
Environmental
Lavega et al. [54]2024PLoS ONESocial
Nasution et al. [55]2025RetosEnvironmental,
Economic
Nofrizal et al. [56]2024RetosEnvironmental,
Economic
Prabucki [2]2022Cambridge Scholars PublishingEconomic
Bjeljac et al. [57]2020Proceedings of VIII International Scientific-Practical Conference “Innovative Aspects of the Development Service and Toursm”, StavropolEconomic
Hamidreza et al. [58]2022Sport Management StudiesEconomic
Kylasov [59]2019International Journal of Ethnosport and Traditional GamesEconomic
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MDPI and ACS Style

Prabucki, B.; Rozmiarek, M. Integrating Traditional Sports and Games into Outdoor Recreation for Sustainable Development: Current Approaches and Future Directions. Sustainability 2025, 17, 10343. https://doi.org/10.3390/su172210343

AMA Style

Prabucki B, Rozmiarek M. Integrating Traditional Sports and Games into Outdoor Recreation for Sustainable Development: Current Approaches and Future Directions. Sustainability. 2025; 17(22):10343. https://doi.org/10.3390/su172210343

Chicago/Turabian Style

Prabucki, Bartosz, and Mateusz Rozmiarek. 2025. "Integrating Traditional Sports and Games into Outdoor Recreation for Sustainable Development: Current Approaches and Future Directions" Sustainability 17, no. 22: 10343. https://doi.org/10.3390/su172210343

APA Style

Prabucki, B., & Rozmiarek, M. (2025). Integrating Traditional Sports and Games into Outdoor Recreation for Sustainable Development: Current Approaches and Future Directions. Sustainability, 17(22), 10343. https://doi.org/10.3390/su172210343

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