Unravelling Complex Interaction among Coastal Management and Marine Biodiversity: A Case Study in Southern Spain
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Indicators Selection and Data Sources
2.3. Temporal Trends of Indicators
2.4. Conceptual Model and Statistical Analysis
2.5. Evaluation of the Path Regression Model
2.6. Final Indicators Selection
3. Results
Model Evaluations
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Marine Area | R2 | F | R2 (Bootstrap) | S.E. | Lower Confidence Limit (95%) | Upper Confidence Limit (95%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gulf of Cádiz | 0.961 | 804.409 | 0.957 | 0.014 | 0.914 | 0.984 |
Alborán | 0.909 | 330.068 | 0.922 | 0.019 | 0.879 | 0.959 |
Model | GoF | GoF (Bootstrap) | S.E. | Lower Confidence Limit (95%) | Upper Confidence Limit (95%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gulf of Cádiz | |||||
Overall model | 0.729 | 0.719 | 0.051 | 0.602 | 0.836 |
Outer model | 0.966 | 0.941 | 0.057 | 0.804 | 1.000 |
Inner model | 0.876 | 0.872 | 0.014 | 0.829 | 0.898 |
Alborán | |||||
Overall model | 0.804 | 0.797 | 0.069 | 0.654 | 0.921 |
Outer model | 0.966 | 0.942 | 0.069 | 0.803 | 1.000 |
Inner model | 0.956 | 0.952 | 0.013 | 0.915 | 0.972 |
Cronbach’s α | Dillon–Goldstein ρ | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Latent Variable | GC | A | GC | A |
Biodiversity loss | 0.971 | 0.945 | 0.977 | 0.956 |
Regulating ES | 0.859 | 0.934 | ||
Provisioning ES | 0.839 | 0.918 | 0.925 | 0.961 |
Latent Variables | Manifest Variables | Loadings | Communalities | Loadings | Communalities |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gulf of Cádiz | Alborán | ||||
Management policies (formative) | European Management policies | 0.635 | 0.403 | 0.655 | 0.428 |
National Management policies | 0.915 | 0.837 | 0.924 | 0.853 | |
Regional Management policies | 0.946 | 0.896 | 0.977 | 0.954 | |
Pressures (formative) | Population (inhabitants/yr) | −0.911 | 0.829 | −0.901 | 0.813 |
Overexploitation | 0.997 | 0.995 | 0.994 | 0.988 | |
Land use change | −0.836 | 0.699 | −0.858 | 0.736 | |
Biodiversity Loss (Mixed) | nº bony fish spp. (formative) | 0.962 | 0.925 | 0.913 | 0.834 |
nº cartilaginous fish spp. (formative) | 0.915 | 0.838 | 0.847 | 0.717 | |
nº molluscs spp. (formative) | 0.642 | 0.412 | 0.436 | 0.190 | |
nº crustacean spp. (formative) | 0.928 | 0.861 | 0.803 | 0.645 | |
UICN (fisheries) (reflective) | 0.963 | 0.928 | 0.785 | 0.616 | |
IUCN (unexploited) (reflective) | 0.919 | 0.845 | 0.866 | 0.750 | |
IUCN (Global) (reflective) | 0.980 | 0.960 | 0.956 | 0.913 | |
IUCN (Mediterranean) (reflective) | 0.856 | 0.733 | |||
Cultural ES (reflective) | Artisanal fishery features | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
Regulating ES (reflective) | PPR | 1.000 | 0.936 | 0.876 | |
ITM | 0.936 | 0.877 | |||
Provisioning ES (reflective) | Total fisheries’ biomass for all groups (kg) | 0.906 | 0.822 | 0.956 | 0.913 |
Fishermen | 0.947 | 0.896 | 0.966 | 0.934 | |
Conservation Policies (formative) | Number of regulations for protected areas | 0.186 | 0.035 | 0.331 | 0.110 |
Total Number of Marine Protected areas and reserves | 0.995 | 0.990 | 0.998 | 0.996 | |
Changes in the Total Marine Protected Area Surface (ha) | 0.971 | 0.943 | 0.981 | 0.963 |
Marine Area | Centre | Opened | Closed |
---|---|---|---|
Gulf Cádiz | Marina El Terrón | 1996 | 2008 |
Museo Marítimo Matalascañas | 2002 | 2011 | |
Centro de Interpretación del Atún de Almadraba | 2008 | 2011 | |
Alborán Sea | Aula del mar de Benalmádena | 1989 | 2011 |
Aula del Mar de Málaga | 1989 | - | |
Aula del Mar “El Corralete” Cabo de Gata | 2000 | 2007 |
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Alcorlo, P.; García-Tiscar, S.; Vidal-Abarca, M.R.; Suárez-Alonso, M.L.; Santos-Martín, F. Unravelling Complex Interaction among Coastal Management and Marine Biodiversity: A Case Study in Southern Spain. Sustainability 2023, 15, 6544. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086544
Alcorlo P, García-Tiscar S, Vidal-Abarca MR, Suárez-Alonso ML, Santos-Martín F. Unravelling Complex Interaction among Coastal Management and Marine Biodiversity: A Case Study in Southern Spain. Sustainability. 2023; 15(8):6544. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086544
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlcorlo, Paloma, Susana García-Tiscar, María Rosario Vidal-Abarca, María Luisa Suárez-Alonso, and Fernando Santos-Martín. 2023. "Unravelling Complex Interaction among Coastal Management and Marine Biodiversity: A Case Study in Southern Spain" Sustainability 15, no. 8: 6544. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086544