Critical Infrastructures Overview: Past, Present and Future
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Critical Infrastructures, Definitions and Terms
1.2. Motivation of the Research
1.3. Structure of the Research
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Search Strategy
- RQ1. What types of risk assessment method are used to manage CIs?
- RQ2. What are the environmental risk mitigation strategies for CIs?
- RQ3. What is the role of the human factor in the prevention of risks for CIs?
2.2. Database Searching Identification
2.3. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
2.4. Quality Criteria
- Q1: Documents in the context of CIs using different methodologies and approaches.
- Q2: Documents with impact factor, SJR or CiteScore.
2.5. Screening and Data Extraction
- 1st investigation: critical infrastructures AND risk assessment (name CLUSTER#1);
- 2nd investigation: critical infrastructures AND risk environment (name CLUSTER#2);
- 3rd investigation: critical infrastructures AND human factors (name CLUSTER#3).
3. Results
- Publication by years.
- Documents by type.
- Country analysis.
- Subject area.
3.1. Publication by Years
3.2. Documents by Types
3.3. Country Analysis
3.4. Subject Area
4. Discussion
4.1. Data Synthesis of Individual Studies
4.2. CLUSTER#1 “Risk Assessment” (39 Documents)
4.3. CLUSTER#2 “Risk Environment” (21 Documents)
4.4. CLUSTER#3 “Human Factors” (9 Documents)
5. Reflections and Main Challenges
6. Conclusions
6.1. Concluding Remarks
6.2. Limitations and Future Research Developments
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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I/E Criteria | |
---|---|
Exclusion | E1. Duplicate records E2. Documents not written in English E3. A paper is not an academic article (i.e., editorial materials, conference reviews, contents, or forewords) E4. Full text of the study is not available |
Inclusion | I1. Documents published only English I2. Documents in final publication stage I3. Journal articles I4. Article in an international journal published in the last 5 years (2017–2021) |
Bibliometric Search CRITERIA | Search String | Number of Items without Exclusions |
---|---|---|
Cluster#1 Risk Assessment | (TITLE (critical AND infrastructures) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (risk AND assessment) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (method)) | 167 |
Cluster#2 Risk Environment | (TITLE (critical AND infrastructures) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (risk) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (environment)) | 121 |
Cluster#3 Human Factors | (TITLE (critical AND infrastructures) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (risk) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (human AND factor)) | 32 |
Journal | Publisher | Cite Score 2020 | SJR 2020 | Impact Factor 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Safety Science | Elsevier | 7.8 | 1.178 | 4.877 |
Reliability Engineering and System Safety | Elsevier | 9.3 | 1.761 | 6.188 |
Sustainability Switzerland | MDPI | 3.9 | 0.612 | 3.251 |
International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection | Elsevier | 6.0 | 0.650 | 2.865 |
International Journal of Disaster Resilience in The Built Environment | Emerald | 1.4 | 0.252 | 0.91 |
Risk Analysis | Wiley-Blackwell | 6.0 | 0.972 | 4.0 |
Science of the Total Environment | Elsevier | 10.5 | 1.795 | 7.963 |
Natural Hazards | Springer Nature | 4.9 | 0.760 | 3.102 |
Authors | Ref. | Year | Type of Publication | Main Focus |
---|---|---|---|---|
Rydén Sonesson et al. | [12] | 2021 | Theoretical | Risks cross-sector analysis |
Michalis and Sentenac | [13] | 2021 | Theoretical/Application | Dam monitoring |
Johnson et al. | [14] | 2021 | Theoretical | Probabilistic Risk Analysis |
Meslem et al. | [15] | 2021 | Software/Application | Liquefaction hazard |
Veeraraghavan et al. | [16] | 2021 | Software/Application | Seismic analysis |
Donratanapat et al. | [17] | 2020 | Software/Application | Flood emergences/ Hurricanes |
Chou and Ongkowijoyo | [18] | 2019 | Theoretical | Decision Making & Risk Management |
Vamvakeridou et al. | [19] | 2020 | Case Study | Flood emergences |
Turskis et al. | [20] | 2019 | Theoretical | Decision Making & Risk Management |
Přibyl et al. | [21] | 2018 | Theoretical/Application | Road tunnel |
Greiving et al. | [22] | 2021 | Case Study | Urban regions |
Kasmi et al. | [23] | 2021 | Theoretical/Application | Risk priority analysis |
Di Bona et al. | [24] | 2020 | Theoretical/Application | Nuclear power plants |
Boothroyd et al. | [25] | 2021 | Theoretical/Application | River erosion |
Fekete | [26] | 2020 | Case Study | Flood emergences/cascading effect |
Rehak et al. | [27] | 2018 | Theoretical | Cascading effects |
Esposito et al. | [28] | 2020 | Theoretical/Application | Non-nuclear infrastructures (Stress test) |
Argyroudis et al. | [29] | 2020 | Case Study | Non-nuclear infrastructures (Stress test) |
Huff et al. | [30] | 2019 | Theoretical | Decision Making & Risk Management |
Mokhor et al. | [31] | 2019 | Review | Cybersecurity |
de Bruijn et al. | [32] | 2019 | Review | Flood emergences |
Karbowski et al. | [33] | 2019 | Theoretical/Application | Theoretical/Application |
Murdock et al. | [34] | 2018 | Theoretical | Flood emergences |
Pearson et al. | [35] | 2018 | Review | Flood emergences |
Tweneboah-Koduah and Buchanan | [36] | 2018 | Theoretical | Cybersecurity |
Zimmermann et al. | [37] | 2018 | Theoretical | Water infrastructure |
Wang et al. | [38] | 2018 | Theoretical | SCADA systems |
Mao and Li | [39] | 2018 | Theoretical | Interdependency analysis/Disturbance propagation |
Klügel and Stäuble-Akcay | [40] | 2018 | Theoretical | Seismic analysis |
Thacker et al. | [41] | 2018 | Theoretical/Application | Hydrometeorological risk |
Thacker et al. | [42] | 2017 | Theoretical/Application | Interdependency analysis |
Bloomfield et al. | [43] | 2017 | Theoretical/Application | Interdependency analysis |
Delvosalle et al. | [44] | 2017 | Theoretical/Application | Interdependency analysis |
Lam et al. | [45] | 2017 | Theoretical/Application | Coastal infrastructure/cyclone |
Gonzalez-Granadillo et al. | [46] | 2017 | Case Study | SCADA systems |
Espada et al. | [47] | 2017 | Theoretical/Application | Flood emergences |
Ongkowijoyo and Doloi | [48] | 2017 | Theoretical/Application | Risk priority analysis |
Daniel and Nicolae | [49] | 2017 | Theoretical | Power safety |
van Staalduinen et al. | [50] | 2017 | Theoretical | Risk priority analysis |
Authors | Ref. | Year | Type of Publication | Main Focus |
---|---|---|---|---|
Imteaj et al. | [51] | 2021 | Theoretical | Resource-limitations |
Depina et al. | [52] | 2021 | Theoretical | Performance analysis |
Hendricks et al. | [53] | 2021 | Theoretical | Vulnerability |
Yuan et al. | [54] | 2021 | Case Study | Internet of People (IoP) |
Wahab et al. | [55] | 2021 | Theoretical/Application | Vulnerability |
Der Sarkissian et al. | [56] | 2021 | Case Study | Recovery |
Thompson et al. | [57] | 2021 | Theoretical/Application | Long-term planning |
Baggott et al. | [58] | 2020 | Theoretical/Application | Decision Making & Risk Management |
Rød et al. | [59] | 2020 | Theoretical | ISO 31000 |
Lo et al. | [60] | 2020 | Theoretical | Decision Making & Risk Management |
Benmokhtar et al. | [61] | 2020 | Theoretical | Decision Making & Risk Management |
Hawchar et al. | [62] | 2020 | Theoretical | Decision Making & Risk Management |
Gheorghe et al. | [63] | 2018 | Theoretical | Interdependency analysis |
Serre and Heinzlef | [64] | 2018 | Theoretical | Cascading effects |
Braun et al. | [65] | 2018 | Case Study | Vulnerability |
Jaïdi et al. | [66] | 2018 | Theoretical/Application | Decision Making & Risk Management |
Krings et al. | [67] | 2018 | Theoretical/Application | Risk management |
Häyhtiö and Zaerens | [68] | 2017 | Theoretical/Application | Risk management |
Capano | [69] | 2017 | Review | Risk management |
Wilson et al. | [70] | 2017 | Theoretical/Application | Vulnerability (volcanic) |
Flatscher et al. | [71] | 2017 | Theoretical/Application | Risk management |
Authors | Ref. | Year | Type of Publication | Main Focus |
---|---|---|---|---|
Le Blanc | [72] | 2021 | Theoretical/Application | Risk analysis |
Khanam et al. | [73] | 2021 | Case Study | Vulnerability |
Silver et al. | [74] | 2020 | Theoretical | Behavioral risk |
Splichalova et al. | [75] | 2020 | Theoretical | Decision making |
Rehak | [76] | 2020 | Theoretical | Decision making |
Ghafir et al. | [77] | 2018 | Theoretical/Application | Behavioral risk |
Panda et al. | [78] | 2018 | Theoretical/Application | Behavioral risk |
Petrillo et al. | [79] | 2017 | Theoretical/Application | Human error probability |
Panteli and Mancarella | [80] | 2017 | Theoretical/Application | Behavioral risk |
Cluster | RQ Investigated | Documents Analyzed | Literature Gap | Main Challenges |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cluster#1 “Risk Assessment” | RQ1 “What types of risk assessment method are used to manage CIs?” | From [12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50] | Lack of a recognized method for risk assessment | Method: risk management should be systematic process to deal comprehensively the risks. |
Legislative measures: it would be necessary to develop an organic legislative system to monitor and protect the CI. It should concern aspects related to the evaluation of the risk, require identification of solutions that can organically cope with the multiple needs and technological problems, environmental, social, etc. | ||||
Cluster#2 “Risk Environment” | RQ2 “What are the environmental risk mitigation strategies for CIs?” | From [51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71] | Lack of knowledge and understanding of the territory | Multidisciplinary platform: it would be necessary to design a system that provides decision-making support to essential service managers and governments, through the real-time acquisition of different types of data for monitoring and assessing the risk of extreme natural events and the subsequent assessment of their impact on services, population and the industrial system. |
Cluster#3 “Human Factors” | RQ3 “What is the role of the human factor in the prevention of risks for CIs?” | From [72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80] | Lack of a recognized method for human factors assessment | Training: A specific training program based on behavioral science techniques should be developed and the improvement to increase the operator’s level of reliability taking into account the complexity of all the elements with which they have to interface. This obviously implies the tendency to minimize the presence of errors. |
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De Felice, F.; Baffo, I.; Petrillo, A. Critical Infrastructures Overview: Past, Present and Future. Sustainability 2022, 14, 2233. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042233
De Felice F, Baffo I, Petrillo A. Critical Infrastructures Overview: Past, Present and Future. Sustainability. 2022; 14(4):2233. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042233
Chicago/Turabian StyleDe Felice, Fabio, Ilaria Baffo, and Antonella Petrillo. 2022. "Critical Infrastructures Overview: Past, Present and Future" Sustainability 14, no. 4: 2233. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042233