Sawdust Recycling in the Development of Permeable Clay Paving Bricks: Optimizing Mixing Ratio and Particle Size
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Clay Soil and Sawdust
2.2. Porous Clay Bricks Manufacturing Process
2.3. Characterization of Raw Soil and Sawdust
2.3.1. Sieve Analysis of Soil
2.3.2. Chemical and Morphological Characterization of Soil and Sawdust
2.4. Characterization of Raw Soil and Sawdust
2.4.1. Apparent Porosity, Water Adsorption, and Bulk Density
2.4.2. Compressive Strength Tests
2.4.3. Permeability Test
2.4.4. Stormwater (Runoff) Filtration Experiments
2.5. Water Quality Analysis
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Grain Size Distributions of Soil
3.2. Elemental Compositions of Soil and SD Samples
3.3. FTIR Analysis of Raw Soil and SD Samples
3.4. XRD Analysis of Raw Soil and SD Samples
3.5. Properties of Bricks with Varying Percentages of Sawdust
3.6. The Permeability Coefficient of Bricks Made of Soil with Varying % and Size of SD
3.7. Stormwater Treatment Efficiency of Selected Bricks
3.8. Comparison of the Key Properties of the Bricks between This Research and the Previous Studies
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Brick Name | SD Size (mm) | Soil (% by wt.) | SD (% by wt.) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
SD0 | 1.0 | 100 | 0 | |
SD5 | 95 | 5 | ||
Series 1 | SD10 | 90 | 10 | |
SD15 | 85 | 15 | ||
SD20 | 80 | 20 | ||
SD-S0.5 | 0.5 | 90 | 10 | |
Series 2 | SD-S0.75 | 0.75 | 90 | |
SD-S1.0 | 1.0 | 90 | ||
SD-S1.5 | 1.5 | 90 |
Soil Characteristics | Values |
---|---|
D10 | 0.06 |
D30 | 0.14 |
D60 | 0.22 |
Cu | 3.67 |
Cc | 1.48 |
Gravel (%) | 0.0 |
Medium sand (%) | 18.8 |
Fine sand (%) | 63.7 |
Clay/silt (%) | 17.5 |
Compositions (%) | Soil | SD |
---|---|---|
Silica (SiO2) | 50.47 | 33.11 |
Alumina (Al2O3) | 19.14 | 16.38 |
Iron oxide (Fe2O3) | 8.87 | 9.56 |
Calcium oxide (CaO) | 3.2 | 28.08 |
Magnesium oxide (MgO) | 3.27 | 0 |
Others | 11.05 | 12.87 |
Brick Specimens | Soil (%) | SD (%) | SD SIZE (mm) | Permeability Coefficient (cm/s) | Compressive Strength (MPa) | Meet the Standards (Y/N) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SD0 | 100 | 0 | 1.00 | 0.0010 | 26.8 | N |
SD5 | 95 | 5 | 1.00 | 0.0420 | 23.6 | Y |
SD10 | 90 | 10 | 1.00 | 0.0556 | 21.2 | Y |
SD15 | 85 | 15 | 1.00 | 0.0624 | 9.4 | N |
SD20 | 80 | 20 | 1.00 | 0.0718 | 7.6 | N |
SD-S0.5 | 90 | 10 | 0.50 | 0.0554 | 22.5 | Y |
SD-S0.75 | 90 | 10 | 0.75 | 0.0601 | 20.8 | Y |
SD-S1.0 | 90 | 10 | 1.00 | 0.0724 | 19.8 | Y |
SD-S1.5 | 90 | 10 | 1.50 | 0.0785 | 10.2 | N |
Parameters | Unit | Observed Values | After Filtration | Removal Efficiency (%) | Wastewater Reuse Standard of KSA [55] | Wastewater Reuse Standard of WHO [54] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH | - | 8.1 | 7.9 | - | 6.0–8.4 | 6.0–9.0 |
TSS | mg/L | 549.7 | 7.9 | 98.6 | 10 | - |
EC | us/cm | 595.7 | 548.0 | 8.1 | - | |
DO | mg/L | 6.7 | 6.2 | 7.2 | - | |
Turbidity | NTU | 34.5 | 1.1 | 96.8 | 5 | 5 |
TDS | mg/L | 416.2 | 407.7 | 2.0 | 2500 | 2500 |
BOD5 | mg/L | 44 | 9.8 | 77.7 | 10 | - |
TN | mg/L | 7.0 | 5.0 | 28.2 | 40 | - |
TP | mg/L | 2.1 | 1.4 | 33.6 | - | - |
Waste Materials | Ratio (%) | Key Properties of the Bricks | References | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Density (g/cm3) | Water Adsorption (%) | Porosity (%) | Compressive Strength (MPa) | |||
Sawdust | 0–10 | 1.4–1.88 | 9.02–27.2 | 15.7–39.6 | 4.1–36.63 | [57] |
Fly ash | 0–20 | 1.85–2.07 | 15.2–17.5 | 28–32.5 | 16–26 | [58] |
Sewage sludge | 35–50 | 0.22–0.29 | 6–13.8 | - | 8.5–12.5 | [59] |
Residual Pulp | 0–20 | 1.21–1.7 | 13–27 | - | 3–11.5 | [60] |
Rice husk | 10 | - | 22–27 | - | 7–8 | [61] |
Glass waste | 0–30 | 2.21–2.24 | 12.9–14.5 | - | 35.2–48.2 | [62] |
Water treatment sludge | 0–20 | 0.74–0.97 | 51–91 | 50–67 | 3–18 | [63] |
Rice Bran | 0–20 | 1.3–1.9 | 10.5–39.3 | 10.1–59.1 | 6.98–29.7 | [50] |
Sawdust | 0–20 | 1.25–2.01 | 3.71–45 | 7.47–56 | 6.5–27.5 | This study |
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Shafiquzzaman, M.; Alqarawi, S.M.A.; Haider, H.; Rafiquzzaman, M.; Almoshaogeh, M.; Alharbi, F.; EL-Ghoul, Y. Sawdust Recycling in the Development of Permeable Clay Paving Bricks: Optimizing Mixing Ratio and Particle Size. Sustainability 2022, 14, 11115. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811115
Shafiquzzaman M, Alqarawi SMA, Haider H, Rafiquzzaman M, Almoshaogeh M, Alharbi F, EL-Ghoul Y. Sawdust Recycling in the Development of Permeable Clay Paving Bricks: Optimizing Mixing Ratio and Particle Size. Sustainability. 2022; 14(18):11115. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811115
Chicago/Turabian StyleShafiquzzaman, Md., Saad Mohammed A. Alqarawi, Husnain Haider, Md. Rafiquzzaman, Meshal Almoshaogeh, Fawaz Alharbi, and Yassine EL-Ghoul. 2022. "Sawdust Recycling in the Development of Permeable Clay Paving Bricks: Optimizing Mixing Ratio and Particle Size" Sustainability 14, no. 18: 11115. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811115