Connection between the Spatial Characteristics of the Road and Railway Networks and the Air Pollution (PM10) in Urban–Rural Fringe Zones
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- How does the relationship between the spatial structure of the road network and the PM10 air quality change within rural, suburban, and urban landscapes?
- What types of transportation networks (road or railway networks) are sources of PM10 pollution in rural, suburban, and urban landscapes?
- How does the relationship between the density of each type of road (as a source of pollution) and the PM10 immissions?
- Measured at AQ monitoring points change at different distances (buffer zones) from the measurement points?
- What is the relationship between PM10 levels at AQ monitoring points and the distance of these monitoring points from the road and rail networks in rural, suburban, and urban landscapes?
2. Review of the Scientific Literature
3. Material and Methods
3.1. Study Area
3.2. Spatial Analysis and Statistical Methods
4. Results
The Connection between the Distance to the Road and Railway Network and PM10 in Urban, Suburban, and Rural Landscapes
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Urban Landscape | Suburban Landscape | Rural Landscape | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | N | Mean | SD | N | Mean | SD | N | |
PM10 Quality | 21.17 μg/m3 | 5.39 μg/m3 | 3427 | 20.15 μg/m3 | 5.34 μg/m3 | 1037 | 17.16 μg/m3 | 5.52 μg/m3 | 401 |
Road Density | 5.16 km/km2 | 0.001 km/km2 | 3427 | 3.06 km/km2 | 5.85 km/km2 | 1037 | 1.20 km/km2 | 2.15 km/km2 | 401 |
Rail Density | 0.009 km/km2 | 0.019 km/km2 | 1420 | 2.59 km/km2 | 1.44 km/km2 | 463 | 2.08 km/km2 | 1.02 km/km2 | 163 |
Road Types | Description |
---|---|
Motorway | Restricted-access major divided highway, normally with two or more running lanes plus an emergency hard shoulder. Equivalent to the Freeway or Autobahn. 50–130 km/h. |
Primary | The link roads (slip roads/ramps) lead to/from a motorway from/to a motorway or lower-class highway. Normally with the same motorway restrictions. 30–90 km/h. |
Secondary | The next most important roads in a country’s system. Often link larger towns. 30–90 km/h. |
Residential | These roads are primarily lined with and serve as access to housing. 10–70 km/h. |
Road Link | Motorway links, primary links, secondary links, link roads (slip roads/ramps) leading to/from a motorway, primary or secondary roads from/to another road or a lower-class highway. 20–60 km/h. |
Urban Landscape | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Buffer Zones | Link Road | Motorway | Primary Road | Residential Road | Secondary Road | ||||||||||
Background | Traffic | Industry | Background | Traffic | Industry | Background | Traffic | Industry | Background | Traffic | Industry | Background | Traffic | Industry | |
0–250 m | 0.261 * | −0.108 | 0.198 | −0.37 | 0.315 ** | 0.104 | −0.049 | 0.426 ** | 0.122 ** | 0.262 * | 0.082 | −0.033 | 0.026 | ||
0–500 m | 0.148 * | 0.009 | −0.181 | 0.192 | 0.01 | 0.147 ** | 0.87 | 0.142 | 0.458 ** | 0.148 ** | 0.346 ** | 0.116 ** | 0.011 | 0.104 | |
0–1000 m | 0.175 ** | 0.066 | −0.03 | 0.057 | 0.06 | 0.218 ** | 0.130 * | 0.400 ** | 0.521 ** | 0.116 ** | 0.469 ** | 0.341 ** | 0.025 | 0.354 ** | |
0–1500 m | 0.143 * | 0.013 | −0.027 | 0.179 | 0.189 | −0.04 | 0.099 | −0.319 | −0.089 | 0.027 | −0.472 ** | −0.034 | 0.163 ** | −0.327 | |
0–2000 m | 0.128 ** | 0.003 | −0.035 | 0.088 | 0.096 | 0.092 * | 0.090 * | 0.256 * | 0.227 ** | 0.065 | 0.244 * | 0.126 ** | 0.024 | 0.298 ** | |
0–2500 m | 0.144 ** | 0.04 | −0.196 | 0.254 ** | 0.188 * | 0.037 | −0.111 * | 0.066 | −0.186 | −0.120 * | −0.02 | −0.379 * | −0.037 | 0.143 ** | −0.396 * |
0–3000 m | 0.166 ** | 0.089 | −0.144 | 0.206 ** | 0.116 | 0.034 | 0.088 | 0.057 | −0.203 | 0.124 ** | −0.004 | −0.268 | −0.028 | 0.147 ** | −0.409 ** |
Suburban Landscape | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Buffer Zones | Link Road | Motorway | Primary Road | Residential Road | Secondary Road | ||||||||||
Background | Traffic | Industry | Background | Traffic | Industry | Background | Traffic | Industry | Background | Traffic | Industry | Background | Traffic | Industry | |
0–250 m | −0.034 | 0.193 | −0.133 | 0.053 | −0.228 | −0.063 | 0.230 * | −0.109 | −0.192 | ||||||
0–500 m | 0.092 | 0.427 ** | 0.052 | −0.336 | 0.057 | 0.005 | −0.241 | −0.043 | 0.056 | −0.152 | 0.123 | ||||
0–1000 m | 0.119 | −0.283 | 0.151 | 0.340 ** | 0.024 | −0.002 | −0.258 | 0.263 | −0.014 | −0.159 | −0.1 | −0.081 | −0.251 | −0.016 | |
0–1500 m | 0.103 | −0.283 | 0.085 | 0.325 * | 0.024 | 0.072 | −0.258 | −0.092 | −0.007 | 0.404 | −0.155 | 0.159 | −0.251 | −0.290 * | |
0–2000 m | 0.005 | −0.299 | 0.204 | 0.261 ** | 0.061 | 0.207 | 0.026 | −0.19 | 0.028 | −0.039 | −0.129 | 0.058 | −0.016 | −0.284 * | −0.132 |
0–2500 m | −0.061 | −0.299 | 0.179 | 0.278 * | 0.061 | 0.235 | 0.033 | −0.19 | −0.033 | −0.06 | 0.319 | −0.103 | 0.165 * | −0.234 | −0.22 |
0–3000 m | 0.006 | −0.299 | 0.168 | 0.271 * | 0.061 | 0.015 | 0.029 | −0.19 | 0.056 | −0.079 | 0.318 | −0.137 | 0.159 * | 0.264 | −0.165 |
Rural Landscape | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Buffer Zones | Link Road | Motorway | Primary Road | Residential Road | Secondary Road | ||||||||||
Background | Traffic | Industry | Background | Traffic | Industry | Background | Traffic | Industry | Background | Traffic | Industry | Background | Traffic | Industry | |
0–250 m | 0.078 | ||||||||||||||
0–500 m | 0.238 | 0.204 * | −0.078 | ||||||||||||
0–1000 m | 0.126 | 0.116 | 0.227 ** | 0.07 | |||||||||||
0–1500 m | 0.203 | 0.024 | 0.340 ** | 0.192 | 0.516 ** | ||||||||||
0–2000 m | 0.015 | 0.176 | 0.176 | 0.264 ** | 0.277 ** | ||||||||||
0–2500 m | −0.232 | 0.089 | −0.133 | 0.252 ** | 0.192 | ||||||||||
0–3000 m | −0.209 | −0.117 | −0.167 | 0.221 ** | 0.195 |
Urban Landscape | Suburban Landscape | Rural Landscape | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Buffer Zones | Links | Motorway | Primary | Residential | Secondary | Links | Motorway | Primary | Residential | Secondary | Links | Motorway | Primary | Residential | Secondary |
250 m | 0.103 | 0.048 | 0.217 ** | 0.309 ** | 0.027 | 0.122 | 0.138 | 0.011 | −0.004 | 0.077 | 0.132 | −0.27 | |||
500 m | 0.077 | 0.073 | 0.119 * | 0.344 ** | 0.076 * | 0.161 | 0.353 ** | −0.048 | −0.034 | 0.029 | 0.247 | 0.179 * | 0.003 | ||
1000 m | 0.125 ** | 0.069 | 0.188 ** | 0.386 ** | 0.224 ** | 0.046 | 0.283 ** | 0.002 | −0.057 | −0.101 | 0.171 | 0.23 | 0.046 | 0.219 ** | 0.082 |
1500 m | 0.062 | 0.189 ** | 0.012 | −0.011 | 0.034 | 0.00 | 0.304 ** | 0.069 | −0.034 | 0.036 | 0.175 | 0.232 | 0.111 | 0.309 ** | 0.207 |
2000 m | 0.066 * | 0.07 | 0.088 ** | 0.166 ** | 0.090 ** | −0.05 | 0.232 ** | −0.016 | −0.045 | −0.084 | 0.031 | 0.232 | 0.077 | 0.239 ** | 0.277 ** |
2500 m | 0.052 | 0.194 ** | −0.045 | −0.048 | 0.012 | −0.06 | 0.218 * | 0.044 | −0.068 | 0.08 | −0.328 | 0.248 | −0.019 | 0.247 ** | 0.153 |
3000 m | 0.098 * | 0.138 ** | −0.03 | −0.047 | 0.012 | 0.037 | 0.214 * | 0.037 | −0.084 | 0.086 | −0.222 | −0.207 | −0.057 | 0.242 ** | 0.167 |
Buffer Zones | Aggregated Group—Railway Network | Aggregated Group—Road Network | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urban | Suburban | Rural | Background | Traffic | Industry | |
0–250 m | −0.02 | 0.087 | −0.190 ** | −0.017 | −0.072 | |
0–500 m | −0.091 * | −0.024 | −0.034 | −0.220 ** | −0.018 | −0.077 |
0–1000 m | −0.054 | −0.039 | −0.055 | −0.245 ** | −0.016 | −0.056 |
0–1500 m | −0.056 * | −0.045 | −0.16 | −0.262 ** | −0.019 | −0.151 * |
0–2000 m | −0.009 | −0.027 | −0.025 | −0.276 ** | −0.018 | −0.152 * |
0–2500 m | −0.216 ** | −0.029 | 0.012 | −0.284 ** | −0.018 | −0.170 ** |
0–3000 m | −0.288 ** | −0.044 | 0.044 | −0.327 ** | −0.018 | −0.187 ** |
Urban Landscape | Suburban Landscape | Rural Landscape | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Buffer Zones | Background | Traffic | Industry | Background | Traffic | Industry | Background | Traffic | Industry |
0–250 m | −0.152 | 0.089 | 0.137 | 0.045 | −0.089 | 0.132 | |||
0–500 m | −0.245 ** | 0.016 | 0.185 | −0.085 | −0.216 | 0.302 | −0.034 | ||
0–1000 m | −0.163 ** | 0.023 | 0.331 ** | −0.124 | 0.038 | 0.146 | −0.055 | ||
0–1500 m | −0.071 | −0.036 | −0.094 | −0.079 | −0.077 | 0.125 | −0.16 | −0.126 | |
0–2000 m | −0.005 | 0.014 | −0.073 * | −0.077 | −0.032 | 0.178 | −0.025 | −0.348 | |
0–2500 m | −0.406 ** | 0.085 * | −0.272 ** | −0.079 | 0.061 | 0.11 | 0.012 | −0.146 | |
0–3000 m | −0.424 ** | 0.07 | −0.226 ** | −0.108 | 0.093 | 0.102 | 0.044 | −0.112 |
Buffer Zones | Aggregated Data Group (Traffic + Industry + Background) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Urban Landscape | Suburban Landscape | Rural Landscape | |
0–250 m | −0.02 | 0.087 | |
0–500 m | −0.091 * | −0.024 | −0.034 |
0–1000 m | −0.054 | −0.039 | −0.055 |
0–1500 m | −0.056 * | −0.045 | −0.16 |
0–2000 m | −0.009 | −0.027 | −0.025 |
0–2500 m | −0.216 ** | −0.029 | 0.012 |
0–3000 m | −0.288 ** | −0.044 | 0.044 |
Buffer Zones | Background | Traffic | Industry | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urban | Suburban | Rural | Urban | Suburban | Rural | Urban | Suburban | Rural | |
0–250 m | −0.198 ** | −0.05 | −0.162 | −0.046 | 0.199 | −0.133 | 0.072 | −0.067 | |
250–500 m | −0.205 ** | −0.075 | −0.125 | −0.045 | 0.216 | −0.157 | 0.112 | −0.067 | |
500–1000 m | −0.209 ** | −0.006 | −0.199 ** | −0.042 | 0.228 | −0.178 | 0.12 | 0.177 | |
1000–1500 m | −0.209 ** | 0.003 | −0.232 ** | −0.042 | 0.21 | −0.178 | 0.085 | −0.256 | |
1500–2000 m | −0.209 ** | 0.003 | −0.231 ** | −0.042 | 0.21 | −0.16 | 0.085 | −0.298 * | |
2000–2500 m | −0.209 ** | 0.003 | −0.236 ** | −0.042 | 0.21 | −0.175 | 0.085 | −0.337 * | |
2500–3000 m | −0.208 ** | 0.003 | −0.218 ** | −0.042 | 0.21 | −0.175 | 0.085 | −0.403 ** |
Buffer Zones | Aggregated Data Group | ||
---|---|---|---|
Background | Traffic | Industry | |
0–250 m | −0.190 ** | −0.017 | −0.072 |
250–500 m | −0.220 ** | −0.018 | −0.077 |
500–1000 m | −0.245 ** | −0.016 | −0.056 |
1000–1500 m | −0.262 ** | −0.019 | −0.151 * |
1500–2000 m | −0.276 ** | −0.018 | −0.152 * |
2000–2500 m | −0.284 ** | −0.018 | −0.170 ** |
2500–3000 m | −0.327 ** | −0.018 | −0.187 ** |
Background | Traffic | Industry | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Buffer Zones | Urban | Suburban | Rural | Urban | Suburban | Rural | Urban | Suburban | Rural |
0–250 m | −0.029 | −0.141 | −0.025 | 0.072 | |||||
250–500 m | 0.031 | −0.005 | −0.038 | −0.009 | 0.141 | −0.026 | −0.223 | ||
500–1000 m | 0.073 | 0.119 | 0.108 | 0.007 | −0.132 | 0.003 | −0.113 | ||
1000–1500 m | 0.125 ** | 0.108 | 0.137 | 0.012 | 0.012 | 0.01 | 0.017 | ||
1500–2000 m | 0.102 ** | 0.074 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.016 | −0.054 | −0.002 | 0.075 | |
2000–2500 m | 0.112 ** | 0.052 | 0.074 | 0.018 | 0.013 | −0.77 | −0.067 | 0.012 | |
2500–3000 m | 0.125 ** | 0.076 | 0.008 | 0.022 | 0.014 | −0.128 | −0.038 | 0.103 |
Buffer Zones | Aggregated Data Group | ||
---|---|---|---|
Background | Traffic | Industry | |
0–250 m | −0.036 | −0.072 | −0.01 |
250–500 m | 0.02 | −0.023 | −0.127 |
500–1000 m | 0.089 * | −0.003 | −0.058 |
1000–1500 m | 0.116 ** | 0.021 | 0.02 |
1500–2000 m | 0.080 ** | 0.019 | −0.031 |
2000–2500 m | 0.074 * | 0.025 | −0.093 |
2500–3000 m | 0.071 * | 0.028 | −0.09 |
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Sohrab, S.; Csikós, N.; Szilassi, P. Connection between the Spatial Characteristics of the Road and Railway Networks and the Air Pollution (PM10) in Urban–Rural Fringe Zones. Sustainability 2022, 14, 10103. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610103
Sohrab S, Csikós N, Szilassi P. Connection between the Spatial Characteristics of the Road and Railway Networks and the Air Pollution (PM10) in Urban–Rural Fringe Zones. Sustainability. 2022; 14(16):10103. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610103
Chicago/Turabian StyleSohrab, Seyedehmehrmanzar, Nándor Csikós, and Péter Szilassi. 2022. "Connection between the Spatial Characteristics of the Road and Railway Networks and the Air Pollution (PM10) in Urban–Rural Fringe Zones" Sustainability 14, no. 16: 10103. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610103