Identification of Embodied Environmental Attributes of Construction in Metropolitan and Growth Region of Melbourne, Australia to Support Urban Planning
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Research Objectives
4. Methodology
4.1. Spatial Analysis
4.2. Material Analysis
4.3. Environmrntal Analysis
4.4. Assumptions and Limitations
5. Results
5.1. Spatial Distribution
5.2. Embodied Materials
5.3. Densities of Attributes
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions and Recommendations
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Description | Example | Visual Identifiers |
---|---|---|
High-rise commercial | [70] | Predominantly glass and steel wall Large footprint Office precinct Built-in last 20 years Typically, high-rise construction over 15 storeys |
High-rise residential | Predominantly glass and steel wall Large footprint Residential users High-rise construction over 15 storeys Built-in last 20 years | |
High-rise residential 2nd Generation | Primarily Concrete Wall Large footprint Residential users High-rise construction over 12 storeys Over 20 years old, less than 50 | |
Low-rise commercial 1st Generation | Brick Finish 1–2 storeys tall Pre-war construction Inner Suburbs Location Commercial land-use | |
Low-rise commercial 2nd Generation | Over 20 years old, less than 50 Rendered wall finish Small window to wall ratio Low-rise, less than 2 storeys Small footprint Commercial land-use | |
Low-rise commercial 3rd Generation | Less than 20 years old Concrete wall Steel sheet roofing Small window to wall ratio Low-rise, less than 2 storeys Small footprint Commercial land-use | |
Low-rise residential 1st Generation | Tin/Tile roof Inner Suburbs of Metropolitan Wrought ironwork Brick finish Pre-war construction was largely Victorian | |
Low-rise residential 2nd Generation | Tile roof Metropolitan, Port residential region, sth Williamstown road Central Werribee, Older constructions growth region, Variable footprint, Larger in Growth Region, more condensed, “workers” housing Port Metropolitan, Terraces vs Bungalow Not Townhouse as predominantly no incorporated garage | |
Low-rise residential 3rd Generation | Colourbond steel/Tile roof More frequent in growth regions A greater ratio of built area to green space versus old constructions Typically brick timber construction with masonry veneer | |
Medium-rise Commercial 1st Generation | Brick Finish 4 + Storeys tall Pre-war construction Inner Suburbs Location | |
Medium-rise Commercial 2nd Generation | Industrial location 4 + Storeys tall Concrete and steel are predominant materials | |
Medium-rise Commercial 3rd Generation | Industrial location 4 + Storeys tall Concrete and steel are predominant materials Increased mixed-use with included office space | |
Medium-rise residential 1st Generation | 4–5 Storeys tall Masonry/Brick finish Inner Suburb location Residential use Some repurposed from different earlier use | |
Medium-rise residential 2nd Generation | 4–5 Storeys tall Concrete Predominant feature Brickwork in addition in portions Larger balcony comparative to 1st generation Residential use | |
Medium-rise residential 3rd Generation | 4–5 Storeys tall Concrete Predominant feature Less than 20 years old Increased window: wall ratio | |
Special Purpose Control tower | Single land-use item Concrete construction A large amount of material for small footprint owing to high elevation | |
Special purpose educational 3rd Generation | Less than 20 years old Concrete and masonry wall Steel sheet roofing Small window to wall ratio Low-rise, typically 2 storeys Located amongst residential areas | |
Special purpose educational 1st Generation | 4–5 Storeys tall Masonry/Brick finish Inner Suburb location Educational use Typically located near educational facilities | |
Special purpose Grain Silo | Single land-use item Concrete construction A large amount of material for a small footprint owing to a size proportional to the built area | |
Special Purpose Ice-rink | Single land-use item Reinforced Concrete construction Steel sheet wall | |
Special Purpose Multistorey car park | Reinforced Concrete and composite concrete construction Exposed concrete walls Minimal use of Enclosed spaces | |
Mixed Purpose Industrial | 2 Storeys tall Concrete, steel construction predominantly Mixed-use office and warehousing typically Located in industrial areas | |
Special Purpose Religious establishment 1st generation | 4–5 Storeys tall Masonry/Brick finish Inner Suburb location Typically located near residential areas | |
Special Purpose Religious establishment | Low-rise construction Lightweight construction Built post-war Typically located near residential areas | |
Special Purpose Stadium | Single land-use item Reinforced Concrete construction Heavyweight The broad range of materials used The high density of higher performance materials | |
Special Purpose Stadium Local | Low-rise construction Lightweight construction Typically timber and steel frame structures Typically located near residential areas | |
Townhouse 3rd Generation | Flat or Tile roof Typical of Knockdown rebuilds in inner Metropolitan suburbs Incorporated garage 2–3 Storeys Situated amongst 1st generation homes in inner suburbs |
Appendix B. Reduction Coefficients
Timber Reduction Coefficient | Masonry Reduction Coefficient | Composite Concrete Reduction Coefficient | |
---|---|---|---|
High-rise commercial | 10.00% | 50.00% | 100.00% |
High-rise residential | 10.00% | 50.00% | 100.00% |
High-rise residential 2nd Generation | 10.00% | 10.00% | 100.00% |
Low-rise commercial 1st Generation | 10.00% | 70.00% | 100.00% |
Low-rise commercial 2nd Generation | 10.00% | 40.00% | 100.00% |
Low-rise commercial 3rd Generation | 10.00% | 30.00% | 100.00% |
Low-rise residential 1st Generation | 80.00% | 100.00% | 20.00% |
Low-rise residential 2nd Generation | 80.00% | 100.00% | 20.00% |
Low-rise residential 3rd Generation | 80.00% | 100.00% | 20.00% |
Medium-rise Commercial 1st Generation | 10.00% | 40.00% | 100.00% |
Medium-rise Commercial 2nd Generation | 10.00% | 50.00% | 100.00% |
Medium-rise Commercial 3rd Generation | 20.00% | 40.00% | 100.00% |
Medium-rise residential 1st Generation | 10.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% |
Medium-rise residential 1st Generation | 10.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% |
Medium-rise residential 2nd Generation | 10.00% | 80.00% | 100.00% |
Medium-rise residential 3rd Generation | 10.00% | 70.00% | 100.00% |
Special Purpose Control tower | 10.00% | 0.00% | 100.00% |
Special purpose educational 3rd Generation | 10.00% | 50.00% | 100.00% |
Special purpose educational Victorian | 10.00% | 100.00% | 10.00% |
Special purpose Grain Silo | 10.00% | 0.00% | 100.00% |
Special Purpose Ice-rink | 10.00% | 0.00% | 100.00% |
Special Purpose Multistorey carpark | 10.00% | 0.00% | 100.00% |
Mixed Purpose Industrial | 10.00% | 30.00% | 100.00% |
Special Purpose Religious establishment 1st Generation | 10.00% | 100.00% | 20.00% |
Special Purpose Religious establishment | 10.00% | 100.00% | 20.00% |
Special Purpose Stadium | 10.00% | 10.00% | 100.00% |
Special Purpose Stadium Local | 20.00% | 50.00% | 100.00% |
Townhouse 3rd Generation | 100.00% | 40.00% | 20.00% |
Low-rise residential 1st Generation | 0.4 |
Low-rise residential 2nd Generation | 0.5 |
Low-rise residential 3rd Generation | 0.6 |
Mixed Purpose Industrial | 0.1 |
Appendix C. Box-and-Whisker Input Data
Steel | Concrete | Timber | Masonry | Composite Concrete | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Max | 23.93% | 28.71% | 9.55% | 9.49% | 28.33% |
Uq | 21.45% | 27.50% | 11.61% | 13.71% | 25.73% |
Mean | 20.97% | 26.47% | 13.49% | 14.11% | 24.96% |
Lq | 18.19% | 27.79% | 14.16% | 17.35% | 22.51% |
Min | 17.16% | 19.48% | 20.82% | 22.71% | 19.83% |
Statistical Identifier | Mass per Unit is [kg/m2] | |
---|---|---|
High-rise commercial | Uq | 244 |
High-rise residential | Uq | 463 |
High-rise residential 2nd Generation | Uq | 463 |
Low-rise commercial 1st Generation | Lq | 1128 |
Low-rise commercial 2nd Generation | Lq | 1128 |
Low-rise commercial 3rd Generation | Lq | 1128 |
Low-rise residential 1st Generation | Min | 98 |
Low-rise residential 2nd Generation | Min | 98 |
Low-rise residential 3rd Generation | Min | 98 |
Medium-rise Commercial 1st Generation | Mean | 517 |
Medium-rise Commercial 2nd Generation | Mean | 517 |
Medium-rise Commercial 3rd Generation | Mean | 517 |
Medium-rise residential 1st Generation | Lq | 296 |
Medium-rise residential 1st Generation | Lq | 296 |
Medium-rise residential 2nd Generation | Mean | 282 |
Medium-rise residential 3rd Generation | Lq | 296 |
Mixed Purpose Industrial | Min | 1128 |
Special Purpose Control Tower | Mean | 589 |
Special purpose educational 3rd Generation | Lq | 282 |
Special purpose educational Victorian | Min | 282 |
Special purpose Grain Silo | Lq | 589 |
Special Purpose Ice rink | Lq | 472 |
Special Purpose Multistorey carpark | Mean | 589 |
Special Purpose Religious establishment 1st Generation | Min | 235 |
Special Purpose Religious establishment | Min | 235 |
Special Purpose Stadium | Uq | 282 |
Special Purpose Stadium Local | Mean | 472 |
Townhouse 3rd Generation | Min | 98 |
Material Assumptions | Steel | Rebar | Concrete | Timber | Masonry | Composite Concrete | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Melbourne | Mass [kg] | Mass [kg] | Mass [kg] | Mass [kg] | Mass [kg] | Mass [kg] | |
High-rise commercial | 1,919,819.849 | 1,329,106.05 | 590,713.7998 | 2,461,924.368 | 103,930.0971 | 613,476.2677 | 2,303,142.276 |
High-rise residential | 12,979,023.81 | 8,985,478.026 | 3,993,545.789 | 16,643,944.49 | 702,623.8456 | 4,147,432.422 | 15,570,491.39 |
High-rise residential 2nd Generation | 291,752.7178 | 201,982.6508 | 89,770.06701 | 374,135.6907 | 15,794.13209 | 18,645.85039 | 350,005.7667 |
Low-rise commercial 2nd Generation | 48,550,329.6 | 0 | 48,550,329.6 | 74,151,100.66 | 3,777,977.866 | 18,525,347.61 | 60,066,534.06 |
Low-rise commercial 3rd Generation | 103,990,862.1 | 0 | 103,990,862.1 | 158,825,634.1 | 8,092,121.693 | 29,759,842.28 | 128,657,636.6 |
Low-rise commercial 1st Generation | 47,627,052.67 | 0 | 47,627,052.67 | 72,740,976.34 | 3,706,132.426 | 31,802,842.51 | 58,924,254.58 |
Low-rise residential 1st Generation | 5,918,808.551 | 0 | 5,918,808.551 | 6,719,303.15 | 5,744,155.184 | 7,835,144.107 | 1,368,118.042 |
Low-rise residential 2nd Generation | 207,254.1491 | 0 | 207,254.1491 | 235,284.4233 | 201,138.4529 | 274,356.9269 | 47,906.28692 |
Low-rise residential 3rd Generation | 6,484,860.411 | 0 | 6,484,860.411 | 7,361,911.204 | 6,293,503.874 | 8,584,466.855 | 1,498,959.538 |
Medium-rise Commercial 2nd Generation | 2,444,934.563 | 1,692,647.005 | 752,287.558 | 3,085,540.988 | 157,214.3278 | 822,437.9424 | 2,909,304.286 |
Medium-rise Commercial 3rd Generation | 11,445,117.46 | 7,923,542.859 | 3,521,574.604 | 14,443,895.38 | 1,471,889.248 | 3,079,967.537 | 13,618,904.07 |
Medium-rise Commercial 1st Generation | 1,847,553.781 | 1,279,075.694 | 568,478.0864 | 2,331,638.238 | 118,801.5131 | 497,190.6742 | 2,198,462.165 |
Medium-rise residential 2nd Generation | 2,283,747.528 | 1,581,055.981 | 702,691.547 | 2,882,120.736 | 146,849.6694 | 1,229,147.411 | 2,717,502.779 |
Medium-rise residential 3rd Generation | 1,717,919.856 | 1,189,329.131 | 528,590.7249 | 2,623,785.446 | 133,681.1355 | 1,147,136.586 | 2,125,412.791 |
Medium-rise residential 1st Generation | 40,711.80876 | 28,185.09837 | 12,526.71039 | 62,179.29835 | 3168.017883 | 38,836.00869 | 50,368.70537 |
Medium-rise residential 1st Generation | 6677.598261 | 4622.952643 | 2054.645619 | 10,198.72089 | 519.6219808 | 6369.927352 | 8261.533685 |
Special Purpose Control tower | 41,138.40605 | 28,480.43496 | 12,657.97109 | 51,917.23326 | 2645.284233 | 0 | 48,951.87905 |
Special purpose educational 3rd Generation | 1,445,711.303 | 0 | 1,445,711.303 | 2,208,040.301 | 112,499.0366 | 689,550.0158 | 1,788,635.998 |
Special purpose educational Victorian | 313,797.384 | 0 | 313,797.384 | 356,237.1941 | 38,067.22363 | 415,395.7173 | 36,266.74684 |
Special purpose Grain Silo | 52,507.12822 | 0 | 52,507.12822 | 80,194.33406 | 4085.87892 | 0 | 64,961.89072 |
Special Purpose Ice rink | 600,842.665 | 415,967.9989 | 184,874.6662 | 917,669.258 | 46,754.99236 | 0 | 743,363.3654 |
Special Purpose Multistorey carpark | 3,284,772.007 | 2,274,072.928 | 1,010,699.079 | 4,145,427.373 | 211,217.605 | 0 | 3,908,653.189 |
Mixed Purpose Industrial | 21,668,384.38 | 0 | 21,668,384.38 | 24,598,944.56 | 2,628,623.679 | 8,605,190.353 | 25,042,968.83 |
Special Purpose Religious establish ment 1st Generation | 84,719.64838 | 0 | 84,719.64838 | 48,088.81681 | 10,277.46554 | 112,149.3706 | 19,582.7384 |
Special Purpose Religious establishment | 5,959,247.004 | 0 | 5,959,247.004 | 6,765,210.738 | 722,925.0464 | 7,888,675.338 | 1,377,465.291 |
Special Purpose Stadium | 322,2821.159 | 2,231,183.88 | 991,637.2798 | 4,132,857.543 | 174,468.5139 | 205,969.7733 | 3,866,308.425 |
Special Purpose Stadium Local | 1,718,223.174 | 0 | 1,718,223.174 | 2,168,421.237 | 220,970.5776 | 577,983.5392 | 2,044,567.622 |
Townhouse 3rd Generation | 1,633,381.3 | 0 | 1,633,381.3 | 1,854,289.426 | 1,981,478.954 | 864,888.7865 | 377,552.0709 |
Growth Region | |||||||
Low-rise commercial 2nd Generation | 6,837,281.235 | 3,418,640.617 | 3,418,640.617 | 10,442,605.3 | 532,047.823 | 2,608,901.167 | 8,459,093.678 |
Low-rise commercial 3rd Generation | 26,269,118.72 | 13,134,559.36 | 13,134,559.36 | 40,120,923.65 | 2,044,149.853 | 7,517,630.051 | 32,500,189.55 |
Low-rise residential 2nd Generation | 43,245,751.31 | 0 | 43,245,751.31 | 49,094,561.93 | 41,969,647.17 | 57,247,449.48 | 9,996,149.072 |
Low-rise residential 3rd Generation | 7,567,747.247 | 0 | 7,567,747.247 | 8,591,254.047 | 7,344,436.672 | 10,017,960.49 | 1,749,266.167 |
Low-rise residential 1st Generation | 3418.037108 | 0 | 3418.037108 | 3880.312619 | 3317.176997 | 4524.696664 | 790.0708726 |
Medium-rise Commercial 3rd Generation | 327,428.4301 | 226,681.2208 | 100,747.2093 | 413,219.1744 | 42,108.64478 | 88,113.46311 | 389,617.3539 |
Medium-rise residential 2nd Generation | 44,425.41501 | 8885.083003 | 35,540.33201 | 67,851.10314 | 3456.994752 | 33,902.80818 | 54,963.1841 |
Special purpose educational 3rd Generation | 7,343,530.044 | 1,468,706.009 | 5,874,824.035 | 11,215,801.01 | 571,441.9283 | 3,502,588.135 | 9,085,425.396 |
Townhouse 3rd Generation | 14,259.75809 | 0 | 14,259.75809 | 16,188.33193 | 17,298.72293 | 7550.65879 | 3296.108017 |
Material Assumptions | Steel | Rebar | Concrete | Timber | Masonry | Composite Concrete | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Melbourne | Embodied Energy (MJ) | Embodied Water (L) | Embodied Greenhouse Gas Emissions (kgCO₂e) | Embodied Energy (MJ) | Embodied Water (L) | Embodied Greenhouse Gas Emissions (kgCO₂e) | Embodied Energy (MJ) | Embodied Water (L) | Embodied Greenhouse Gas Emissions (kgCO₂e) | Embodied Energy (MJ) | Embodied Water (L) | Embodied Greenhouse Gas Emissions (kgCO₂e) | Embodied Energy (MJ) | Embodied Water (L) | Embodied Greenhouse Gas Emissions (kgCO₂e) | Embodied Energy (MJ) | Embodied Water (L) | Embodied Greenhouse Gas Emissions (kgCO₂e) |
High-rise commercial | 51,569,314.73 | 49,309,834.44 | 3,854,407.544 | 23,251,026.75 | 22,172,718.26 | 1,752,251.291 | 4,101,155.677 | 4,477,624.945 | 615,481.0921 | 1,647,652.373 | 2,309,759.158 | 114,097.9929 | 1,595,038.296 | 2,269,862.19 | 147,234.3042 | 3,019,119 | 4,305,874.689 | 416,568.3 |
High-rise residential | 348,636,547.4 | 333,361,234.8 | 26,057,886.27 | 23,251,026.75 | 22,172,718.26 | 1,752,251.291 | 25,847,903.54 | 30,200,935.17 | 3,321,676.101 | 11,139,024 | 15,615,225.11 | 771,364.3381 | 10,783,324.3 | 15,345,499.96 | 995,383.7813 | 20,410,883 | 29,110,049.13 | 2,816,228 |
High-rise residential 2nd Generation | 7,836,926.85 | 7,493,556.344 | 585,749.6873 | 23,251,026.75 | 22,172,718.26 | 1,752,251.291 | 507,452.1639 | 673,117.4873 | 64,044.18811 | 250,391.7531 | 351,011.3264 | 17,339.33501 | 48,479.211 | 68,989.64643 | 4475.004092 | 458,811.9 | 654,358.6073 | 63,305.39 |
Low-rise commercial 2nd Generation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 23,200,481.04 | 22,139,021.12 | 1,668,008.441 | 81,862,815.13 | 133,999,277.9 | 10,348,198.05 | 72,590,066.72 | 65,041,666.95 | 4,873,591.447 | 48,165,903.78 | 68,543,786.15 | 4,446,083.426 | 68,598,108 | 111,521,759.7 | 9,594,699 |
Low-rise commercial 3rd Generation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 23,200,481.04 | 22,139,021.12 | 1,668,008.441 | 175,343,500.1 | 287,015,568.1 | 22,164,999.61 | 155,482,026.2 | 139,313,967.1 | 10,438,836.98 | 77,375,589.93 | 110,111,416.4 | 7,142,362.147 | 1.47 × 108 | 238,870,550 | 20,551,065 |
Low-rise commercial 1st Generation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 23,200,481.04 | 22,139,021.12 | 1,668,008.441 | 95,353,932.03 | 135,993,999.2 | 13,156,628.76 | 71,209,628.43 | 63,804,775.85 | 4,780,910.829 | 82,687,390.52 | 117,670,517.3 | 7,632,682.201 | 67,293,585 | 109,400,961.2 | 9,412,237 |
Low-rise residential 1st Generation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 23,200,481.04 | 22,139,021.12 | 1,668,008.441 | 8,337,778.779 | 11,904,852.32 | 1,089,695.685 | 110,368,197.7 | 98,891,375.65 | 7,409,960.188 | 27,423,004.37 | 14,103,259.39 | 2,507,246.114 | 1,562,439 | 2,540,098.808 | 218,535.7 |
Low-rise residential 2nd Generation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 23,200,481.04 | 22,139,021.12 | 1,668,008.441 | 291,957.2801 | 416,862.6196 | 38,156.99561 | 3,188,741.84 | 4,470,133.257 | 220,816.6298 | 960,249.244 | 493,842.4684 | 87,794.2166 | 54,710.68 | 88,944.59288 | 7652.287 |
Low-rise residential 3rd Generation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 23,200,481.04 | 22,139,021.12 | 1,668,008.441 | 10,889,363.13 | 13,643,031.19 | 1,556,965.901 | 99,773,856.44 | 139,867,840.1 | 6,909,222.453 | 30,045,633.99 | 15,452,040.34 | 2,747,029.394 | 1,711,865 | 2,783,023.991 | 239,435.6 |
Medium-rise Commercial 2nd Generation | 65,674,703.81 | 62,797,203.9 | 4,908,676.316 | 23,200,481.04 | 22,139,021.12 | 1,668,008.441 | 3,143,044.252 | 5,649,345.045 | 388,497.6608 | 3,020,716.094 | 2,706,601.867 | 202,806.4828 | 2,878,532.798 | 1,480,388.296 | 263,180.1416 | 3,322,528 | 5,401,522.471 | 464,716.3 |
Medium-rise Commercial 3rd Generation | 307,433,462.9 | 293,963,440.1 | 22,978,274.29 | 23,200,481.04 | 22,139,021.12 | 1,668,008.441 | 14,713,077.07 | 26,445,459.36 | 1,818,617.736 | 28,280,880.01 | 25,340,045.3 | 1,898,737.13 | 10,779,886.38 | 5,543,941.566 | 985,589.6118 | 15,553,271 | 25,285,363.49 | 2,175,409 |
Medium-rise Commercial 1st Generation | 49,628,136.94 | 47,453,708.26 | 3,709,319.513 | 23,200,481.04 | 22,139,021.12 | 1,668,008.441 | 2,662,813.404 | 4,329,006.215 | 372,443.0991 | 2,282,652.273 | 2,045,286.85 | 153,253.9519 | 1,740,167.36 | 894,943.2135 | 159,101.0157 | 2,510,722 | 4,081,746.568 | 351,170.3 |
Medium-rise residential 2nd Generation | 61,344,972.05 | 58,657,176.88 | 4,585,062.344 | 23,200,481.04 | 22,139,021.12 | 1,668,008.441 | 3,291,483.902 | 5,351,052.481 | 460,374.1529 | 2,821,569.548 | 2,528,163.908 | 189,436.0735 | 4,302,015.938 | 2,212,465.339 | 393,327.1715 | 3,103,484 | 5,045,416.664 | 434,079 |
Medium-rise residential 3rd Generation | 46,145,970.28 | 44,124,110.76 | 3,449,054.48 | 23,251,026.75 | 22,172,718.26 | 1,752,251.291 | 3,558,723.84 | 4,720,522.286 | 449,137.0719 | 2,119,309.481 | 2,970,951.011 | 146,759.6941 | 2,982,555.125 | 4,244,405.37 | 275,312.7807 | 2,786,139 | 3,973,597.827 | 384,422.5 |
Medium-rise residential 1st Generation | 1,093,581.817 | 1,045,667.149 | 81,736.78527 | 23,183,632.47 | 22,105,323.98 | 1,725,293.579 | 63,338.09437 | 113,844.6426 | 7828.938929 | 57,642.08537 | 78,295.58196 | 3463.039548 | 135,926.0304 | 69,904.81565 | 12,427.52278 | 57,522.84 | 93,516.4105 | 8045.621 |
Medium-rise residential 1st Generation | 179,370.5625 | 171,511.543 | 13,406.56266 | 23,183,632.47 | 22,105,323.98 | 1,725,293.579 | 10,945.41296 | 18,913.16366 | 1493.384131 | 9454.52194 | 12,842.13249 | 568.0117777 | 22,294.74573 | 11,465.86923 | 2038.376753 | 9434.964 | 15,338.67051 | 1319.652 |
Special Purpose Control tower | 1,105,040.876 | 1,056,624.137 | 82,593.26137 | 23,251,026.75 | 22,172,718.26 | 1,752,251.291 | 55,718.31641 | 96,278.6549 | 7602.166299 | 41,936.92649 | 58,789.22134 | 2904.082938 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 55,904.78 | 90,885.87809 | 7819.305 |
Special purpose educational 3rd Generation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 23,183,632.47 | 22,105,323.98 | 1,725,293.579 | 2,437,676.492 | 3,990,174.162 | 308,144.2909 | 1,783,499.772 | 2,500,196.644 | 123,505.2659 | 1,792,830.041 | 2,551,335.059 | 165,492.0038 | 2,042,686 | 3,320,848.074 | 285,706.9 |
Special purpose educational Victorian | 0 | 0 | 0 | 23,183,632.47 | 22,105,323.98 | 1,725,293.579 | 442,043.8921 | 631,159.3765 | 57,772.37974 | 603,497.4764 | 846,012.0873 | 41,791.49191 | 1,080,028.865 | 1,536,964.154 | 99,694.97215 | 47,540.97 | 67,803.04843 | 6559.551 |
Special purpose Grain Silo | 0 | 0 | 0 | 23,183,632.47 | 22,105,323.98 | 1,725,293.579 | 105,124.3118 | 149,928.5376 | 14,504.71433 | 64,775.34692 | 90,805.22885 | 4485.616747 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 85,156.57 | 121,450.4913 | 11,749.63 |
Special Purpose Ice rink | 16,139,558.36 | 15,432,412.76 | 1,206,307.197 | 23,183,632.47 | 22,105,323.98 | 1,725,293.579 | 1,048,010.776 | 1,703,778.852 | 146,583.4523 | 741,228.732 | 1,039,090.454 | 51,329.2197 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 848,947.3 | 1,380,156.054 | 118,740.8 |
Special Purpose Multistorey carpark | 88,234,029.61 | 84,368,105.63 | 6,594,811.491 | 23,183,632.47 | 22,105,323.98 | 1,725,293.579 | 4,734,224.801 | 7,696,554.538 | 662,167.8237 | 3,348,531.347 | 4,694,133.952 | 231,881.8656 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 446,3820 | 7,256,950.789 | 624,346.8 |
Mixed Purpose Industrial | 0 | 0 | 0 | 23,251,026.75 | 22,172,718.26 | 1,752,251.291 | 41,786,533.29 | 45,661,131 | 5,194,283.572 | 4,1672,798.94 | 58,418,954.5 | 2,885,792.415 | 22,373,494.92 | 31,839,204.31 | 2,065,245.685 | 32,828,066 | 46,819,463.47 | 4,529,511 |
Special Purpose Religious establish ment 1st Generation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 23,183,632.47 | 22,105,323.98 | 1,725,293.579 | 63,038.16638 | 89,905.17925 | 8697.803388 | 162,933.4616 | 228,408.0436 | 11,282.95098 | 291,588.3636 | 414,952.6712 | 26,915.84895 | 22,364.18 | 36,358.03996 | 3128.039 |
Special Purpose Religious establishment | 0 | 0 | 0 | 23,183,632.47 | 22,105,323.98 | 1,725,293.579 | 7,260,520.81 | 12,545,841.7 | 990,620.1438 | 13,153,621.22 | 17,866,640.69 | 790,247.4414 | 27,610,363.68 | 14,199,615.61 | 2,524,376.108 | 1,573,114 | 2,557,453.257 | 220,028.7 |
Special Purpose Stadium | 86,569,934.52 | 82,776,921.93 | 6,470,433.251 | 23,183,632.47 | 22,105,323.98 | 1,725,293.579 | 4,435,441.756 | 7,664,236.712 | 605,168.426 | 3,174,454.61 | 4,311,880.278 | 190,715.8942 | 720,894.2067 | 370,745.592 | 65,910.32747 | 4,415,461 | 7,178,331.925 | 617,582.9 |
Special Purpose Stadium Local | 0 | 0 | 0 | 23,183,632.47 | 22,105,323.98 | 1,725,293.579 | 2,327,180.649 | 4,021,259.741 | 317,518.824 | 4,020,559.659 | 5,461,149.718 | 241,548.4626 | 2,022,942.387 | 1,040,370.371 | 184,954.7326 | 2,334,969 | 3,796,020.239 | 326,588 |
Townhouse 3rd Generation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 23,183,632.47 | 22,105,323.98 | 1,725,293.579 | 1,990,049.902 | 3,438,713.516 | 271,520.9517 | 36,053,009.56 | 48,971,013.91 | 2,166,004.181 | 3,027,110.753 | 1,556,799.816 | 276,764.4117 | 431,177.8 | 700,977.2077 | 60,308.1 |
Growth | ||||||||||||||||||
Low-rise commercial 2nd Generation | 132,643,256 | 126,831,566.9 | 9,914,057.79 | 23,200,481.04 | 22,139,021.12 | 1,668,008.441 | 11,528,636.25 | 18,870,948.06 | 1,457,323.584 | 10,222,766.87 | 9,159,735.321 | 686,341.6917 | 6,783,143.035 | 9,652,934.319 | 626,136.2802 | 9,660,584 | 15,705,467.73 | 1,351,209 |
Low-rise commercial 3rd Generation | 509,620,903.2 | 487,292,152.3 | 38,090,222.15 | 23,200,481.04 | 22,139,021.12 | 1,668,008.441 | 44,293,499.71 | 72,502,966.91 | 5,599,097.789 | 39,276,295.27 | 35,192,083.87 | 2,636,953.31 | 19,545,838.13 | 27,815,231.19 | 1,804,231.212 | 37,116,367 | 60,341,059.88 | 5,191,402 |
Low-rise residential 2nd Generation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 23,200,481.04 | 22,139,021.12 | 1,668,008.441 | 60,919,947.72 | 86,982,756.47 | 7,961,857.218 | 665,364,419.5 | 932,740,174.3 | 46,075,705.11 | 200,366,073.2 | 103,045,409.1 | 18,319,183.83 | 11,415,956 | 18,559,221.91 | 1,596,730 |
Low-rise residential 3rd Generation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 23,200,481.04 | 22,139,021.12 | 1,668,008.441 | 12,707,744.28 | 15,921,238.88 | 1,816,958.835 | 116,434,785 | 163,223,939.3 | 8,062,972.198 | 35,062,861.73 | 18,032,328.89 | 3,205,747.358 | 1,997,724 | 3,247,752.582 | 279,418.2 |
Low-rise residential 1st Generation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 23,200,481.04 | 22,139,021.12 | 1,668,008.441 | 4814.961832 | 6874.901705 | 629.2854812 | 63,736.23882 | 57,108.51918 | 4279.158326 | 15,836.43832 | 8144.453995 | 1447.902932 | 902.2889 | 1466.874947 | 126.2016 |
Medium-rise Commercial 3rd Generation | 8,795,231.368 | 8,409,873.293 | 657,375.5404 | 23,200,481.04 | 22,139,021.12 | 1,668,008.441 | 420,920.0771 | 756,566.7429 | 52,028.05059 | 809,075.5009 | 724,942.4286 | 54,320.15177 | 308,397.1209 | 158,604.2336 | 28,196.30819 | 444,956.8 | 723,378.0606 | 62,,235.34 |
Medium-rise residential 2nd Generation | 344,741.2205 | 329,636.5794 | 25,766.74071 | 23,200,481.04 | 22,139,021.12 | 1,668,008.441 | 77,488.36159 | 125,974.88 | 10,838.16293 | 66,422.69716 | 59,515.62165 | 4459.52323 | 118,659.8286 | 61,025.05473 | 10,848.89862 | 62,769.9 | 102,046.6905 | 8779.517 |
Special purpose educational 3rd Generation | 56,985,793.14 | 54,488,992.93 | 4,259,247.426 | 23,200,481.04 | 22,139,021.12 | 1,668,008.441 | 12,382,244.31 | 20,268,198.62 | 1,565,227.34 | 9,059,335.796 | 12,699,817.13 | 627,348.3708 | 9,106,729.152 | 12,959,576.1 | 840,621.1525 | 10,375,877 | 16,868,338.48 | 1,451,256 |
Townhouse 3rd Generation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 23,200,481.04 | 22,139,021.12 | 1,668,008.441 | 17,373.54909 | 30,020.6834 | 2370.434318 | 314,750.2636 | 427,527.1254 | 18,909.6665 | 26,427.30577 | 13,591.18582 | 2416.210813 | 3764.272 | 6119.676654 | 526.5022 |
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Code | Program | DEQO Classification |
---|---|---|
HCN | High-rise Commercial | Office |
HRN | High-rise Residential | Multi Family High-rise (>15) |
HR2 | High-rise Residential 2nd Generation | Multi Family High-rise (>15) |
MC1 | Medium-rise Commercial 1st Generation | Residential/Office/Retail |
MC2 | Medium-rise Commercial 2nd Generation | Residential/Office/Retail |
MC3 | Medium-rise Commercial 3rd Generation | Residential/Office/Retail |
MR2 | Medium-rise Residential 2nd Generation | Multifamily-Medium-rise 6–15 |
MLR1 | Medium-rise Residential 1st Generation | Multifamily Low-rise (<5) |
MLR2 | Medium-rise Residential 2nd Generation | Multifamily Low-rise (<5) |
MLR3 | Medium-rise Residential 3rd Generation | Multifamily Low-rise (<5) |
LC1 | Low-rise Commercial 1st Generation | Factories and Plants |
LC2 | Low-rise Commercial 2nd Generation | Factories and Plants |
LC3 | Low-rise Commercial 3rd Generation | Factories and Plants |
LR1 | Low-rise Residential 1st Generation | Single Family |
LR2 | Low-rise Residential 2nd Generation | Single Family |
LR3 | Low-rise Residential 3rd Generation | Single Family |
SCT | Special Purpose Control Tower | Other |
SE3 | Special Purpose Educational 3rd Generation | Educational |
SEV | Special Purpose Educational Victorian | Educational |
SSN | Special Purpose Grain Silo | Other |
SIN | Special Purpose Ice Rink | Civic Building |
SPN | Special Purpose Multistorey Carpark | Other |
MIN | Mixed Purpose Industrial | Factories and Plants |
SR1 | Special Purpose Religious Establishment 1st Generation | Cultural/Institutional |
SRE | Special Purpose Religious Establishment | Cultural/Institutional |
SSN | Special Purpose Stadium | Stadium |
SSL | Special Purpose Stadium Local | Civic Building |
NR3 | Townhouse 3rd Generation | Single Family |
Sum of Perimeter [m] | Sum of Wall Area [m2] | Sum of Area [m2] | Number of Storeys | |
---|---|---|---|---|
HCN | 2654 | 134,583 | 36,685 | 16.73 |
HRN | 11,037 | 579,201 | 130,701 | 17.26 |
HR2 | 309 | 13,389 | 2938 | 14.50 |
MC1 | 19,491 | 19,491 | 236,579 | 1.00 |
MC2 | 29,877 | 119,508 | 506,733 | 1.00 |
MC3 | 19,018 | 76,072 | 232,080 | 1.00 |
MR2 | 29,043 | 141,738 | 351,980 | 1.57 |
MLR1 | 2001 | 9708 | 12,325 | 1.67 |
MLR2 | 46,562 | 71,113 | 385,642 | 1.53 |
MLR3 | 1997 | 19,378 | 22,547 | 3.00 |
LC1 | 6537 | 140,406 | 105,546 | 6.17 |
LC2 | 1750 | 18,535 | 17,038 | 2.92 |
LC3 | 6445 | 119,658 | 38,611 | 6.27 |
LR1 | 3346 | 37,704 | 31,901 | 3.74 |
LR2 | 131 | 1572 | 756 | 4.00 |
LR3 | 45 | 540 | 124 | 4.00 |
SCT | 75 | 2250 | 333 | 10.00 |
SE3 | 2302 | 19,857 | 28,179 | 2.73 |
SEV | 486 | 2916 | 6485 | 2.00 |
SSN | 89 | 1602 | 490 | 6.00 |
SIN | 421 | 3789 | 6997 | 3.00 |
SPN | 2011 | 29,211 | 26,589 | 5.13 |
MIN | 56,359 | 322,233 | 1,119,508 | 1.98 |
SR1 | 363 | 3993 | 2101 | 3.00 |
SRE | 5964 | 47,607 | 147,786 | 3.00 |
SSN | 1628 | 29,823 | 53,285 | 3.67 |
SSL | 791 | 5385 | 17,356 | 2.50 |
NR3 | 15,284 | 115,047 | 97,134 | 2.51 |
Sum of Wall Area [m2] | Sum of Perimeter [m] | Sum of the Area [m2] | Number of Storeys | |
---|---|---|---|---|
LC2 | 28,600 | 4281 | 52,058 | 1.59 |
LC3 | 76,011 | 16,945 | 200,009 | 1.50 |
LR1 | 1,619,442 | 365,692 | 8,036,689 | 1.50 |
LR2 | 308,382 | 72,095 | 1,171,977 | 1.44 |
LR3 | 888 | 148 | 794 | 2.00 |
MR2 | 6288 | 524 | 4718 | 4.00 |
MC3 | 1632 | 272 | 1289 | 2.00 |
SE3 | 93,939 | 10,160 | 223,650 | 2.96 |
NR3 | 1320 | 220 | 1325 | 2.00 |
Material Assumptions | Steel | Rebar | Concrete | Timber | Masonry | Composite Concrete |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hot-Rolled Structural Steel | Steel ReinForcement Bar —12 mm dia. | Concrete 50 MPa | Hardwood | Concrete Block | Concrete 32 MPa | |
Embodied Energy (MJ) | 38.8 | 34.5 | 1.66 | 15.85 | 2.6 | 1.31 |
Embodied Water (L) | 37.1 | 32.9 | 1.81 | 22.22 | 3.7 | 1.87 |
Embodied Greenhouse Gas Emissions (kg CO₂) | 2.9 | 2.6 | 0.25 | 1.09 | 0.24 | 0.18 |
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Rydlewski, J.; Rajabi, Z.; Tariq, M.A.U.R.; Muttil, N.; Sidiqui, P.; Shah, A.A.; Khan, N.A.; Irshad, M.; Alam, A.; Butt, T.A.; et al. Identification of Embodied Environmental Attributes of Construction in Metropolitan and Growth Region of Melbourne, Australia to Support Urban Planning. Sustainability 2022, 14, 8401. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148401
Rydlewski J, Rajabi Z, Tariq MAUR, Muttil N, Sidiqui P, Shah AA, Khan NA, Irshad M, Alam A, Butt TA, et al. Identification of Embodied Environmental Attributes of Construction in Metropolitan and Growth Region of Melbourne, Australia to Support Urban Planning. Sustainability. 2022; 14(14):8401. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148401
Chicago/Turabian StyleRydlewski, James, Zohreh Rajabi, Muhammad Atiq Ur Rehman Tariq, Nitin Muttil, Paras Sidiqui, Ashfaq Ahmad Shah, Nasir Abbas Khan, Muhammad Irshad, Arif Alam, Tayyab Ashfaq Butt, and et al. 2022. "Identification of Embodied Environmental Attributes of Construction in Metropolitan and Growth Region of Melbourne, Australia to Support Urban Planning" Sustainability 14, no. 14: 8401. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148401