Sustainable Conservation and Management of a 20th-Century Landscape in the Alps: The Former Sanatorium Village of Sondalo
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Taking Care of Green Areas: Regulatory Framework and Recent Experiences
- General and management contest, with national policies and strategic planning advice and a short history of the site to evidence the evolution of the park.
- Description of the park with a list of physical characteristics, natural elements (trees, grassland, ecology and wildlife), buildings and landscape environment, a complete analysis of public use (public access, visitors, events, etc.), and an identification of the landscape character, with views and descriptions of the areas inside the park and outside.
- Identification of a landscape strategy with an analysis of the significance of the park and its areas, key management issues, and a landscape management strategy.
- Identification of management policies for conservation, physical context, natural environment (trees, grassland, horticultural display areas, ecology, and wildlife), buildings, and public access. Guidelines are also developed for landscape character and views of the park and its areas.
- Implementation of the management plan, monitoring and reviewing actions, and identifying the following steps.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Case Study
- conifer woods characteristic of the higher altitudes, i.e., mountain spruce (in green), with the presence of larch (in yellow);
- deciduous woods, i.e., a mix of maple-lime and maple-ash groves (in blue);
- anthropogenic formations or reforestation with conifers (in pink);
- formations of pure or mixed locust trees below the complex (in grey).
2.2. The Analysis of Tree Specimens
- Unique identification of the subject with a numeric code and geolocation.
- Taxonomic recognition (genus and species with the scientific name and common name).
- Indication of the characteristics of the planting site.
- Photographs of the specimen.
- Biometric features (height, diameter of the stem, diameter of the collar, diameter of the crown, and height of the free trunk).
- Qualitative characteristics (phytosanitary status, first visual assessment of stability, location, maintenance needs).
- Need for interventions (maintenance, consolidation, or demolition).
3. Results
- Road system: the entire complex is crossed by roads consisting of long inclined ramps and hairpin bends that allow access to the pavilions from two different heights. Some road sections are built on viaducts. The roadway is equipped with trees, mainly Tilia americana and Acer pseudoplatanus.
- Gardens: some terraces were designed as spaces that patients and visitors could use to benefit from the mountain air, particularly those near the pavilions and others of large dimensions.
- Park areas: they were assigned a perceptive role, and pedestrian use was limited to the paths marked out. The ground can be flat or sloping.
- Mitigation forest: the area is not intended for use but plays an essential role in the slope arrangement. It encompasses the areas surrounding the complex and the area of terraces of the Rio valley. The mitigation forest also acts as a link between the park arrangement and the surrounding mountain slope.
- Spontaneous forest: the area has lost the trees originally planted because they fell down and is now being colonized by other species, mainly Robinia pseudoacacia, whose rapid proliferation today makes it difficult to see many portions of the park.
3.1. Landscape Values Map
- High: areas with a fundamental role in the perception of the complex from the valley.
- Medium: areas with a partially recognisable landscape perception from the outside of the areas themselves.
- Low: areas with landscape perception limited to users within the areas.
- Null: areas devoid of plant elements.
3.2. State of Conservation
3.3. Elements of Risk
3.4. Monitoring Map
- Level 1: areas rarely frequented and without assets that can be damaged by the fall of the tree.
- Level 2: areas only sporadically frequented and with assets of little value that can be damaged by the fall of the tree.
- Level 3: areas with moderate traffic and the presence of assets that can be damaged.
- Level 4: road system of the park frequented and with target assets of significant value.
- Level 5: heavily frequented areas with target assets of high economic value.
- Level 6: tree specimens that need a specific evaluation due to their state of conservation and the position in which they are placed.
4. Discussion and Conclusions
- Phase 1 (safety): reduction of the main risks through pruning of dry branches where necessary and knocking down of dead or highly inclined specimens.
- Phase 2 (project): recovery of the areas subject to previous interventions.
- Phase 3 (increase in park values): improvement and enhancement of areas of public use, including through the introduction of new plants and the enrichment of the species present.
- A—cutting and thinning out actions.
- B—ordinary maintenance (pruning of the dry branches) and/or extraordinary maintenance.
- C—new plants.
- D—actions for the protection of specimens.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Del Curto, D.; Garzulino, A.; Menini, G.; Schiesaro, C. Sustainable Conservation and Management of a 20th-Century Landscape in the Alps: The Former Sanatorium Village of Sondalo. Sustainability 2022, 14, 7424. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127424
Del Curto D, Garzulino A, Menini G, Schiesaro C. Sustainable Conservation and Management of a 20th-Century Landscape in the Alps: The Former Sanatorium Village of Sondalo. Sustainability. 2022; 14(12):7424. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127424
Chicago/Turabian StyleDel Curto, Davide, Andrea Garzulino, Giacomo Menini, and Carlo Schiesaro. 2022. "Sustainable Conservation and Management of a 20th-Century Landscape in the Alps: The Former Sanatorium Village of Sondalo" Sustainability 14, no. 12: 7424. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127424