Next Article in Journal
School-Based Training for Sustainable Emotional Development in Chinese Preschoolers: A Quasi-Experiment Study
Previous Article in Journal
Conceptualizing the Moderating Role of CEO Power and Ownership Concentration in the Relationship between Audit Committee and Firm Performance: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan
Previous Article in Special Issue
Optimal Operation of Integrated Electrical and Natural Gas Networks with a Focus on Distributed Energy Hub Systems
Article

Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Stationary Battery Installations in Two Renewable Energy Projects

1
Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, LIFE—Institute for Climate, Energy and Society, Waagner-Biro Straße 100, 8020 Graz, Austria
2
Laboratory of Energy Policy, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Univerza v Ljubljani, Tržaška Cesta 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Academic Editors: Morteza Nazari-Heris, Gevork B. Gharehpetian, Behnam Mohammadi-Ivatloo and Somayeh Asadi
Sustainability 2021, 13(11), 6330; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116330
Received: 30 April 2021 / Revised: 29 May 2021 / Accepted: 1 June 2021 / Published: 3 June 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Storage Technologies in Future Energy Systems)
The goal to decrease greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is spurring interest in renewable energy systems from time-varying sources (e.g., photovoltaics, wind) and these can require batteries to help load balancing. However, the batteries themselves add additional GHG emissions to the electricity system in all its life cycle phases. This article begins by investigating the GHG emissions for the manufacturing of two stationary lithium-ion batteries, comparing production in Europe, US and China. Next, we analyze how the installation and operation of these batteries change the GHG emissions of the electricity supply in two pilot sites. Life cycle assessment is used for GHG emissions calculation. The regional comparison on GHG emissions of battery manufacturing shows that primary aluminum, cathode paste and battery cell production are the principal components of the GHG emissions of battery manufacturing. Regional variations are linked mainly to high grid electricity demand and regional changes in the electricity mixes, resulting in base values of 77 kg CO2-eq/kWh to 153 kg CO2-eq/kWh battery capacity. The assessment of two pilot sites shows that the implementation of batteries can lead to GHG emission savings of up to 77%, if their operation enables an increase in renewable energy sources in the electricity system. View Full-Text
Keywords: energy storage; batteries; renewable energy; life cycle assessment energy storage; batteries; renewable energy; life cycle assessment
Show Figures

Figure 1

MDPI and ACS Style

Pucker-Singer, J.; Aichberger, C.; Zupančič, J.; Neumann, C.; Bird, D.N.; Jungmeier, G.; Gubina, A.; Tuerk, A. Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Stationary Battery Installations in Two Renewable Energy Projects. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6330. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116330

AMA Style

Pucker-Singer J, Aichberger C, Zupančič J, Neumann C, Bird DN, Jungmeier G, Gubina A, Tuerk A. Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Stationary Battery Installations in Two Renewable Energy Projects. Sustainability. 2021; 13(11):6330. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116330

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pucker-Singer, Johanna, Christian Aichberger, Jernej Zupančič, Camilla Neumann, David N. Bird, Gerfried Jungmeier, Andrej Gubina, and Andreas Tuerk. 2021. "Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Stationary Battery Installations in Two Renewable Energy Projects" Sustainability 13, no. 11: 6330. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116330

Find Other Styles
Note that from the first issue of 2016, MDPI journals use article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Access Map by Country/Region

1
Back to TopTop